North Dakota eBike Laws 2026: 3 Classes, 750 Watts

The Little Missouri River from the Wind Canyon overlook in the South Unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, at sunset. Photograph: NPS/Dave Bruner, public domain.

Quick Answer

Yes, e-bikes are legal in North Dakota. A bike with pedals, a motor of "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts" and assist that stops at 20 or 28 mph is a bicycle (§ 39-01-01). You need no license, registration or insurance, the state sets no minimum age, and only a Class 3 rider under 18 needs a helmet (§ 39-10.1-09(7)).

Cities add the rest. Bismarck bars Class 1 and 2 riders under 12 and Class 3 riders under 16, and puts a helmet on every rider under 18 (Bismarck Code § 12-12-01(6)-(7), in force September 19, 2026). Dickinson keeps e-bikes off roads with four or more lanes or a limit above 25 mph, and Mandan has adopted Bismarck's ages, in force once published (Mandan).

In this guide

• Are e-bikes legal in North Dakota?
• What § 39-01-01 says: three classes at 750 watts or fewer
• Where the classes came from: HB 1148 in 2021
• License, registration and insurance
• Age limits: none in state law, and the cities that set one
• Helmets
• Labels, speedometers, lights and brakes
• Where you may ride: roads, bike lanes, paths and sidewalks
• Stop-as-yield and the three-foot rule
• Bismarck: ages 12 and 16, helmets under 18
• Mandan: the same ages, waiting on publication
• Fargo and West Fargo
• Grand Forks
• Dickinson: off the busy roads
• Minot, Williston, Jamestown and the rest of the larger cities
• What every other town adds
• State parks, wildlife areas and trust lands
• Hunting with an e-bike
• Federal land: Theodore Roosevelt, the Maah Daah Hey and the refuges
• Riding under the influence
• When an e-bike stops being one
• Rebates: what North Dakota's utilities offer
• Our shelf against North Dakota's lines
• Not an e-bike: scooters, mopeds and dirt bikes
• North Dakota eBike laws at a glance
• Which rule applies to you
• What the AI answers get wrong about North Dakota
• What a North Dakota e-bike ticket costs
• A North Dakota e-bike checklist
• If an officer stops you
• How North Dakota compares
• What changed, 2021 to 2026
• Where to read next
• The bottom line
• Why buy a North Dakota e-bike from us
• Frequently asked questions

How we verified this guide

North Dakota publishes its Century Code and Administrative Code on the Legislature's own site, so every state rule below is quoted from that text. On October 3, 2026 we read all 2,532 chapters of the Century Code and all 2,187 documents of the Administrative Code for e-bike, bicycle, motorized-bicycle and motor-vehicle terms.

We read the titles of all 8,788 bills and resolutions filed from 2009 through the September 2026 special session, and the full text of every bill version from 2023 and 2025. The local layer starts from all 355 incorporated cities, and every city rule we name was read in full at its publisher or in the city's own council record. Each pick's price and stock were read at its maker's US store on October 3, 2026.

Are e-bikes legal in North Dakota?

Yes, and the Legislature wrote the e-bike into the vehicle code by name. Since August 1, 2021, North Dakota's definition of a bicycle has taken in the e-bike, and today it ends with the words "The term includes an electric bicycle and a multipassenger bicycle" (§ 39-01-01(3)), and the definition of a vehicle ends with "The term does not include an electric bicycle" (§ 39-01-01(104)).

An e-bike that fits the definition rides under the bicycle chapter, 39-10.1, like any bicycle: on a roadway its rider has "all of the rights" and "all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle" (§ 39-10.1-02).

The state never made the e-bike a motor vehicle, so the motor-vehicle rules on licenses, titles, plates and insurance do not reach it. The Department of Transportation says the same thing in plain words on its traffic-safety site: "E-bikes do not require a driver's license, registration or insurance" (Vision Zero, E-bike).

Two things can still take an e-bike out of that protection. A motor over 750 watts, or a top assisted speed beyond its class, puts the machine outside the definition, and then it is either a motorized bicycle or a motorcycle (When an e-bike stops being one). And a city can add rules of its own on top of the state's, which Bismarck, Dickinson, Beulah, Watford City and Oakes have done (What every other town adds).

What § 39-01-01 says: three classes at 750 watts or fewer

North Dakota uses the three-class system, word for word, and draws its motor line at "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts". The definition reads: "'Electric bicycle' means a bicycle equipped with fully operable pedals, a saddle or seat for the rider, and an electric motor of seven hundred fifty or fewer watts which meets the requirements of one of the following three classes" (§ 39-01-01(19)).

Source: N.D.C.C. § 39-01-01(19) and § 39-10.1-09(6)-(7), read October 3, 2026.

The boundary word matters. "Seven hundred fifty or fewer watts" (§ 39-01-01(19)) includes a motor rated at exactly 750 W, so a 750 W bike is inside North Dakota's definition on its rated motor. The statute names no peak-watt figure and no measuring method; read Rated watts and peak watts before you compare two listings.

A Class 2 bike is a throttle bike: the class is defined by a motor "capable of propelling the bicycle without the individual pedaling", up to 20 mph (§ 39-01-01(19)(b)). North Dakota bans no class anywhere in its traffic code, and the state's path rule, § 39-10.1-09(5), covers all three.

The definition also reaches three wheels. A "bicycle" in North Dakota is a device with "two tandem wheels or two parallel wheels and one forward or rearward wheel" (§ 39-01-01(3)), so an electric trike with pedals and a motor of 750 W or less is an electric bicycle under the same three classes.

Where the classes came from: HB 1148 in 2021

The three classes, the label, the speedometer and the Class 3 helmet rule all arrived in one bill, House Bill 1148, which took effect on August 1, 2021. Representatives D. Ruby, Marschall, Meier, Mock and Westlind, with Senators Clemens, Kreun and Rust, introduced it on January 7, 2021, and the Governor signed it on April 21, 2021 (HB 1148 actions).

Filed on April 22, it took effect on the first of August, the date North Dakota's constitution gives every law that does not set its own (N.D. Const. art. IV, § 13).

The Senate's age 14, dropped in conference

The House passed it 88 to 1 on January 28, 2021. The Senate Transportation Committee then added a sentence that would have set North Dakota's only statewide e-bike age: "An individual under the age of fourteen may not operate a class 3 electric bicycle" (Senate amendment 21.0508.02003). The Senate passed that version 38 to 9 on March 23, and the House refused to concur.

The conference committee kept the helmet rule and dropped the age. Its amendment reads only "An individual under the age of eighteen may not operate a class 3 electric bicycle unless the individual is wearing a safety helmet" (conference amendment 21.0508.02004). That is why North Dakota has a helmet age and no riding age: the age was in the bill and came out.

Both chambers passed the conference text, the House 93 to 1 on April 12 and the Senate 41 to 6 on April 14 (HB 1148 actions).

Two more 2021 bills you ride under

Two more 2021 bills shaped how you ride. HB 1290, signed March 16, 2021, wrote the three-foot passing rule (HB 1290), and HB 1252, signed March 18, 2021, made the stop sign a yield sign for cyclists on smaller roads (HB 1252). Both took effect August 1, 2021, and both apply to you on an e-bike, because an e-bike is a bicycle.

Every bill since: 2023 and 2025

No bill since has changed the e-bike definition you ride under. Of the 3,005 bill versions filed in 2023 and the 3,146 filed in 2025, four bills carry the words "electric bicycle", and the two that passed kept it as it was.

HB 1316 of 2023 re-enacted § 39-01-01 to add the multipassenger bicycle and carried the e-bike definition over word for word (HB 1316). HB 1346 of 2025 re-enacted the off-highway-vehicle definition with its line "The term does not include an electric bicycle" intact (HB 1346).

The other two failed. HB 1493 of 2023, a bill on operator's licenses, would have re-enacted § 39-01-01 with the same e-bike wording and lost in the Senate 1 to 43 (HB 1493). HB 1614 of 2025 began as an automated-truck bill that re-enacted the same section; the House cut it to a study, and the Senate rejected the study 2 to 43 (HB 1614).

License, registration and insurance

You need no driver's license, no plate, no title and no insurance to ride an e-bike in North Dakota, because every one of those rules is written for a "motor vehicle" and the Code takes the e-bike out of that word by name. The definition of a motor vehicle closes with "The term does not include a snowmobile as defined in section 39-24-01, an electric bicycle, or a multipassenger bicycle" (§ 39-01-01(47)).

That one exclusion carries through the rest of Title 39:

Source: the sections linked in each row, North Dakota Century Code, read October 3, 2026.

A few cities still license bicycles, and that is the one registration you might meet. Jamestown says no resident "shall ride or propel a bicycle on any street" unless it is licensed (Jamestown § 8-2), and Devils Lake requires a license for any bicycle a resident rides on its streets (What every other town adds). Neither city's code mentions an electric bicycle, so whether those licenses reach yours is unsettled; a license costs little and settles it.

West Fargo's code says the opposite: "A license is not required to operate a bicycle in the City of West Fargo," and the $1 license is optional (West Fargo § 13-1802). Fargo repealed its bicycle-license sections on December 8, 2014 (Fargo § 8-1402, editor's note), so there is no Fargo bike registration to buy.

Insurance is still worth a thought even though the law asks for none. A crash on an e-bike is not covered by the motor-vehicle insurance chapter, so what pays for your injuries or someone else's property is whatever your own policies say; read your homeowner's or renter's liability terms before you ride.

Age limits: none in state law, and the cities that set one

North Dakota sets no minimum age to ride an e-bike of any class. The Senate wrote one in 2021, "An individual under the age of fourteen may not operate a class 3 electric bicycle" (Senate amendment 21.0508.02003), and the conference committee took it out before HB 1148 passed (the history). The only state age in the e-bike section is the helmet age of 18 for Class 3.

The age 14 you see quoted online belongs to a different machine. It is the age for a motorized bicycle operator's permit (§ 39-06-14.1(3)), and the Code says a motorized bicycle "does not include an electric bicycle" (§ 39-01-01(49)). If your bike is over 750 W it may be a motorized bicycle, and then the permit age applies (When an e-bike stops being one).

Parents carry the state's one age-related duty. "The parent of any child and the guardian of any ward may not authorize or knowingly permit any such child or ward to violate any of the provisions of this chapter" (§ 39-10.1-01(2)), so a parent who lets a 15-year-old ride a Class 3 bike bareheaded is breaking the chapter too.

Cities have filled the gap, and the ages differ by city:

Source: each city's code or ordinance as linked, read October 3-4, 2026; the full city count is in What every other town adds.

Two cities set an age line for bicycles on sidewalks instead. In West Fargo "No person 12 or more years of age shall ride any bicycle upon any sidewalk in any district" (§ 13-1813), and West Fargo's code says a bicycle includes an electric bicycle, so that rule reaches your e-bike by its own words. Jamestown has the same sentence (What every other town adds).

Helmets

State law requires a helmet only on a Class 3 e-bike, and only for riders under 18: "An individual under the age of eighteen may not operate a class 3 electric bicycle unless the individual is wearing a safety helmet" (§ 39-10.1-09(7)). The Department of Transportation agrees: "Riders under 18 operating a Class 3 e-bike must wear a helmet" (Vision Zero). No state rule names a helmet standard for an e-bike.

Bismarck widens it to every class: "An operator of an electric bicycle under eighteen (18) years of age shall wear an appropriate helmet" (§ 12-12-01(7)). Dickinson requires a helmet under 18 "on a roadway" for any e-bike (§ 58-461(c)), and Mandan's adopted Ord. 1489 uses Bismarck's rule.

A motorized bicycle is different. Its helmet rule is the motorcycle rule: a rider under 18 wears "a safety helmet meeting United States department of transportation standards", and a passenger must wear one whenever the operator must (§ 39-10.2-06). If your bike is over 750 W, that is the helmet line you ride under.

Whatever the law asks, a helmet is the cheapest protection you will buy for this bike. A Class 3 motor helps you up to 28 mph, and the law's under-18 line is a minimum, not advice for adults.

Labels, speedometers, lights and brakes

The e-bike section puts the label on the seller and the speedometer on the Class 3 rider. "Beginning January 1, 2022, any person that manufacturers or distributes an electric bicycle in this state shall affix a permanent label" in "at least nine-point Arial font" giving the class, top assisted speed and motor wattage (§ 39-10.1-09(1)). The statute prints "manufacturers" for "manufactures"; the duty is the maker's and the distributor's, not yours.

The section adds four rules that bind the bike or the rider:

1. Federal bicycle standard. "Any electric bicycle equipment and manufacturing must be in accordance with the requirements for bicycles provided under 16 CFR part 1512" (§ 39-10.1-09(2)).
2. Motor cutoff. The bike must be equipped so the motor can "be disengaged or cease to function when the individual operating the electric bicycle stops pedaling or when the brakes are applied" (§ 39-10.1-09(3)).
3. No tampering. No one may "tamper with or modify an electric bicycle to change the motor-powered speed capability or engagement" unless the class label is replaced after the change (§ 39-10.1-09(4)).
4. Class 3 speedometer. "An individual operating a class 3 electric bicycle shall ensure the bicycle is equipped with a functioning speedometer" (§ 39-10.1-09(6)).

The general bicycle equipment rule applies to every e-bike. At night you need a front lamp with "a white light visible from a distance of at least five hundred feet" and a red rear reflector, and every bicycle needs a brake that will "make the braked wheels skid on dry, level, clean pavement" (§ 39-10.1-07).

Two cities go further on the bike itself. Bismarck says "No person shall operate an electric bicycle that has been structurally altered from the original manufacturer's design" (§ 12-12-07), and Dickinson has the same rule plus a footwear rule: a sole that covers "the feet and toes" (§ 58-461(d)).

Where you may ride: roads, bike lanes, paths and sidewalks

On the road you ride as a cyclist, with "all of the rights" and "all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle" (§ 39-10.1-02). Keep "as near to the right side of the roadway as practicable", and ride no more than two abreast except on paths and lanes set aside for bicycles (§ 39-10.1-05).

On bike paths and multi-use paths every class is allowed unless the land manager says otherwise. The rule is one sentence: "Unless otherwise prohibited by a governmental entity having jurisdiction, an individual may operate an electric bicycle on any bicycle path or multi-use path" (§ 39-10.1-09(5)). A park district, a city or a federal agency can close a path to e-bikes, and several have; the trail sections below name them.

Bike lanes: the state does not make you use one, but some cities do. Bismarck requires bicycle operators to use a marked bike lane "when traveling on the roadway", except to turn left or get around obstacles (§ 12-12-11).

West Fargo says that where "a usable path for bicycles or tricycles has been provided adjacent to a roadway, bicycle or tricycle riders shall use such path and shall not use the roadway" (§ 13-1808(3)), and Watford City's code carries the same path rule (§ 8-1205).

Interstates are a sign question. The Department of Transportation by order, and cities by ordinance, may bar any class of traffic from a controlled-access roadway and must post the restriction (§ 39-10-21); where a sign bars bicycles, it bars your e-bike.

Sidewalks: state law reads two ways

Whether state law lets you ride an e-bike on a sidewalk at all is unsettled on its words, so ride by your city's rule and, where your city has none, yield to everyone on foot. Two sections pull against each other.

The first reading: no sidewalk riding, statewide. "No person may drive any vehicle upon a sidewalk or sidewalk area except upon a permanent or duly authorized temporary driveway" (§ 39-10-52.1). That section sits in chapter 39-10, and for chapters 39-08 through 39-13 "a bicycle or a ridden animal must be deemed a vehicle" (§ 39-07-01(1)). Together, they keep a bicycle, and so an e-bike, off every sidewalk except at a driveway.

The second reading: cities decide. The Code that makes a bicycle a vehicle applies the driver's duties to a cyclist "upon a roadway" (§ 39-10.1-02), and city codes regulate sidewalk riding as a lawful thing: Grand Forks lets bicycles ride sidewalks "in residential districts only" (Grand Forks § 8-1104).

Mandan's adopted ordinance, in force once published, lets all three e-bike classes ride sidewalks at up to 15 mph (Mandan), and the Department of Transportation's own guidance points riders to local rules on where they may ride (Vision Zero).

No Supreme Court opinion has settled it: the court's own opinion search returns zero opinions for "bicycle sidewalk", against 41 for "bicycle" (North Dakota Supreme Court opinions, searched October 4, 2026). In practice, the city's rule is the one enforced where you ride:

Source: each city's code as linked, read October 3-4, 2026.

Stop-as-yield and the three-foot rule

On an e-bike in North Dakota a stop sign is a yield sign where the cross street has two or fewer lanes, and a full stop where it has three or more or where a car is already stopped at your sign.

The law: you "shall reduce speed and, if required for safety, stop", yield to any vehicle close enough to be "an immediate hazard", and then "cautiously may make a turn or proceed through the intersection without stopping" (§ 39-10.1-05.1(3)).

The rule carries a warning in its last subsection. If you roll a stop sign or "a steady red traffic-control light" and are hit in the intersection, "the collision is deemed prima facie evidence of the individual's failure to yield the right of way" (§ 39-10.1-05.1(6)). The yield is a privilege with the burden on you; a red light is still a red light.

Drivers owe you room. "The driver of a vehicle shall leave a safe distance when overtaking and passing a bicycle", and "'Safe distance' as used in this section means no less than three feet [0.91 meters] clearance" (§ 39-10-11.1). Because the Code counts your e-bike as a bicycle, the three feet are yours too.

Bismarck: ages 12 and 16, helmets under 18

Since September 19, 2026, Bismarck sets an age for every class: no Class 1 or 2 rider under 12, no Class 3 rider under 16, a helmet on every rider under 18, and fines that start at $50. The ordinance is No. 6680, and its rules now sit in chapter 12-12 of the city's Title 12 traffic code (Bismarck Title 12).

The ages are one sentence: "No person under twelve (12) years of age may operate a class 1 electric bicycle or class 2 electric bicycle. No person under sixteen (16) years of age may operate class 3 electric bicycle" (§ 12-12-01(6)). The helmet rule follows it: "An operator of an electric bicycle under eighteen (18) years of age shall wear an appropriate helmet" (§ 12-12-01(7)).

Where you ride in Bismarck:

• Business-district sidewalks: no. "A person may not ride a bicycle or electric bicycle upon a sidewalk within a business district, except where the sidewalk is a designated bicycle route" (§ 12-12-03(1)).
• Other sidewalks: 15 mph and yield. On any sidewalk you "shall yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian" and "shall not exceed 15 miles per hour" (§ 12-12-03(3)-(4)).
• Bike lanes: use them. A marked lane "must be used by bicycle operators when traveling on the roadway", except to turn left or get around obstacles (§ 12-12-11).
• Crossing paths and roads: yield. An e-bike rider crossing a sidewalk, path or lane "shall yield the right of way to all other users", and yields to vehicles and pedestrians when crossing a roadway except at a protected walk signal (§ 12-12-04(3)-(4)).

The city also bans any e-bike "that has been structurally altered from the original manufacturer's design" (§ 12-12-07), and the penalty section gives an officer power to stop, remove or impound an e-bike "when the device is unlawfully operated" (§ 12-17-14(2)). Fines are $50 for a first offense, $100 for a second within 12 months and $200 for a third (§ 12-17-14(1)).

How it got there: the City Commission introduced Ordinance 6680 on August 25, 2026 and heard it on September 8, when commissioners agreed "to align Bismarck's age requirements with Mandan's" (12 for Class 1 and 2, 16 for Class 3, in the ordinance Mandan adopted on September 1) and voted unanimously to add the tiered fines and impound language (Commission minutes, September 8, 2026).

The city lists the ordinance as adopted on September 19, 2026 (Ordinances Passed in 2026), the date its penalty clause ran in the Bismarck Tribune, and under state law a published ordinance is in force "from and after the publication thereof" (N.D.C.C. § 40-11-07).

Bismarck's parks have their own ordinances, printed as Appendix A to the city code: "No person shall operate any vehicle on any area within the parks other than the roads, trails, driveways or parking lots provided for such purposes" (Appendix A, Park District Ordinances). Stay on a road or a trail in a park, and read the district's posted signs at the trailhead.

Mandan: the same ages, waiting on publication

Mandan has adopted Bismarck's ages and a speed limit of its own, and the rules take effect when the city publishes them. The City Commission passed Ordinance 1489 on second consideration on September 1, 2026, four votes to none (Commission minutes in the September 15, 2026 packet). It repeals the city's old motorized-scooter section and adds a new Article 20 to chapter 24 on "Electric Bicycles, Electric Micromobility Devices, and Minibikes".

What it says, in the signed copy:

• Ages. "No person under twelve (12) years of age may operate an electric micromobility device, a Class 1 electric bicycle, or a Class 2 electric bicycle" on a street, sidewalk or shared-use path, unless directly supervised by an adult in a designated area; no one under 16 on a Class 3 (§ 24-20-11).
• Helmets. Every rider under 18, any class (§ 24-20-10(a)).
• Sidewalks. All three classes may ride sidewalks "Except where otherwise posted or prohibited", at "fifteen (15) miles per hour" or less, slowing "to a walking speed" when passing a pedestrian (§ 24-20-8).
• Paths and city bike trails. The same 15 mph (§ 24-20-9), and where Mandan Parks and Recreation manages the trail, "the more specific posted rule or ordinance applicable to that facility shall control" (§ 24-20-15).
• Fines. $50, $100 within 12 months, then $200; $300 for riding under the influence; a safety course may replace a minor's first fine (§ 24-20-20).

The signed copy lists publication for September 26, 2026, and state law starts a published ordinance's force from its publication (§ 40-11-07). On October 4, 2026 we could not confirm the publication in the statewide legal-notice archive, and Mandan's online code still runs only through Ordinance 1487 of June 16, 2026 (Mandan Code, Chapter 24).

Until it is in force, Mandan's existing rules apply: its code already counts an e-bike as a bicycle (§ 24-4-7) and bars bicycles from business-district sidewalks (§ 24-4-2), both in Mandan Code, Chapter 24.

Fargo and West Fargo

Fargo, the state's largest city, has no e-bike section, so its bicycle rules apply, and whether they reach an e-bike is unsettled on Fargo's own words. Fargo still defines a bicycle as "every device propelled by human power upon which any person may ride, having two tandem wheels, either of which is more than 20 inches in diameter" (Fargo § 8-0101(2)), written before the state added e-bikes to its own.

The Fargo rules a cyclist meets:

• Downtown Broadway: walk. Fargo Police say the city has made Broadway, street and sidewalks, from NP Avenue North to 6th Avenue North a Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety Zone, and "Bicyclists must walk their bikes in the Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety Zone and obey rules for pedestrians (8-1418)" (Fargo Police, Bicycling Downtown).
• Skyways and posted sidewalks: no. "No person shall ride a bicycle upon any skyway", nor on a sidewalk "posted with signs prohibiting bicycles" (§ 8-1418).
• Children under 12 downtown. No child under 12 may ride a bicycle on the streets of the downtown zone bounded by Roberts Street, NP Avenue, Eighth Street, First Avenue South, Fourth Street and Sixth Avenue North, and none on Broadway or on the one-way University Drive and Tenth Street from 13th Avenue South to 19th Avenue North unless accompanied by someone 18 or older (§ 8-1420).
• Park District bicycle trails. "No person shall operate any motor vehicle on any of the bicycle trails which are so designated and marked by the Park District" (§ 8-0318); state law says an e-bike is not a motor vehicle, Fargo's code does not say either way, and the Park District's posted trail signs are the rule to ride by.

There is no bike registration to buy in Fargo. The Police Department "no longer issues bicycle licenses", and suggests residents record serial numbers in its online My Property program instead (Fargo Police, Bike Safety).

West Fargo is the opposite case: its code counts an e-bike as a bicycle, so its strict sidewalk rule is yours. West Fargo's definition says a bicycle "includes an electric bicycle and a multipassenger bicycle" (West Fargo § 13-0101).

Its sidewalk section reads "No person 12 or more years of age shall ride any bicycle upon any sidewalk in any district", with an exception for newspaper carriers and adults supervising a child, and no one may ride a sidewalk in a business district or in an underpass, at any age (§ 13-1813).

West Fargo copies the state's e-bike section into its code as § 13-1819, path rule included, and keeps an optional $1 bicycle license: "A license is not required to operate a bicycle in the City of West Fargo" (§ 13-1802). Where a usable path runs beside a road, cyclists "shall use such path and shall not use the roadway" (§ 13-1808(3)).

Grand Forks

Grand Forks counts an e-bike as a bicycle, so you may ride a sidewalk only in a residential district, and its council took up e-bike rules on September 21, 2026. The city's definitions say a bicycle "includes an electric bicycle" and copy the state's three classes (Grand Forks § 8-0101), and its sidewalk rule reads "Persons may ride bicycles upon sidewalks in residential districts only" (§ 8-1104).

The city's bike paths carry an older rule that reads two ways. Section 8-1108, from 1995, bars any "motor vehicle" from city paths posted "bike path", and for that section only, motor vehicle "shall include but not be limited to snowmobiles, go-carts, mopeds, mini-bikes, and any and all conveyances driven by a motor" (§ 8-1108).

• The first reading: posted bike paths are closed to e-bikes. An e-bike is driven partly by a motor, and § 8-1108's own definition covers "any and all conveyances driven by a motor".
• The second reading: e-bikes may ride them. The definitions in § 8-0101 say a motor vehicle "does not include an electric bicycle", and the state's path rule lets e-bikes onto bicycle and multi-use paths unless a governmental entity prohibits them (§ 39-10.1-09(5)).

That conflict is what the council is working on. Its September 21, 2026 agenda listed "E-bike and related discussion" as an action item (Grand Forks City Council agenda), and the October 5 agenda carries no e-bike ordinance. Until one passes, ride posted bike paths at a pace that would satisfy either reading, and follow each path's posted signs.

On Grand Forks Park District land, "No person shall ride a bicycle on other than a paved vehicular road or path designated for that purpose in the parks" (Park District Ordinance 1.3(3), printed in the city code).

Dickinson: off the busy roads

Dickinson is the one city we found that keeps e-bikes off its bigger roads: no e-bike on a road with four or more marked lanes or a limit above 25 mph.

Ordinance 1858, adopted May 19, 2026, put e-bikes into the city's rules for motorized scooters and skateboards, and § 58-458 now bars all three "On any public roadway consisting of a total of four or more marked traffic lanes, or having an established speed limit of greater than 25 miles per hour" (Dickinson § 58-458).

The rest of Dickinson's list:

Source: Dickinson Code ch. 58, art. XI, div. 2, §§ 58-458 to 58-461, codified through Ordinance 1860, read October 3, 2026.

The road rule shapes a Dickinson route. Where your way runs along a 30 mph arterial, you take a lower-speed street, a path or the sidewalk at under 15 mph instead.

Minot, Williston, Jamestown and the rest of the larger cities

Of the other larger cities, only Watford City has an e-bike section, and Valley City counts an e-bike as a bicycle; the rest have the older bicycle rules, and whether those reach an e-bike depends on how each city defines a bicycle.

Source: each city's code at its publisher, read October 3, 2026; populations are the Census Bureau's Vintage 2024 estimates (sub-est2024_38).

Minot treats e-bikes as something apart from its scooter rules: its sidewalk ban on scooters and shared devices says "The term motorized scooter shall include electric scooters and mopeds, but not electric bicycles" (Minot § 28-82(c)), and its motorized-bicycle sidewalk ban (§ 20-7(b)) uses the state's motorized-bicycle definition, which excludes e-bikes.

Devils Lake has an e-bike ordinance in the works: its August 17, 2026 minutes record a commissioner asked "about the e-bike ordinance that is being worked on" (Devils Lake minutes, August 17, 2026), and none had been introduced in the records through the September 21 agenda packet.

What every other town adds

We accounted for all 355 of North Dakota's incorporated cities, and five have e-bike rules of their own: Bismarck, Dickinson, Beulah, Watford City and Oakes. Five more, Grand Forks, West Fargo, Mandan, Valley City and Lincoln, write the e-bike into their bicycle rules by definition or by copying the state section. Together those ten cities hold 251,240 people, 40.3 percent of the 622,751 who live in a North Dakota city.

Source: our ledger of all 355 cities (nd-local-ledger_20261004.csv, listed in How we verified this guide, in detail), built from the 2025 Census Gazetteer and the Census Bureau's Vintage 2024 estimates; every rule was read in the city's code or council record, October 3-4, 2026.

Ten cities, home to 251,240 people, put e-bikes in their rules; the 262 towns with no readable code hold 66,472 people between them.

The three smaller towns with e-bike rules of their own:

• Beulah (3,047): "An individual may not operate an electric bicycle on any sidewalk but may on a multi-use path" (Ord. 465, § 39-10.1-09(6), effective July 9, 2026). Its age 11, 15 mph cap and helmet-and-footwear rule apply to motorized scooters only, Article 39-10.4 (Beulah Ordinance 465).
• Watford City (6,207): "no electric bicycles may engage their motors on sidewalks that are not bicycle paths multi-use paths" (§ 8-1209(5)), adopted October 4, 2021.
• Oakes (1,777): its 2025 code makes any conveyance of 150 pounds or less that is not human-powered a bicycle, naming "electric bicycles, electric skateboards, electric scooters" as examples, and limits those "artificially propelled lightweight conveyances" to 5 mph on any sidewalk and bicycle path (§§ 10.0901(4), 10.0904(3), 10.0905(3); Oakes Revised Ordinances 2025).

Where a council is still deciding. Besides Mandan, Ellendale gave a first reading on September 14, 2026 to a new § 8.0405, "Stand On Recreational Devices on City Streets", filed in its minutes as "E-Bike Ordinance" (Ellendale minutes); Grand Forks and Devils Lake have e-bike rules under study. In Bowman, Crosby, Minto, Mohall and Rugby, notices or local reports point to e-bike or scooter rules that the towns' own records do not yet confirm.

Most towns adopt the model bicycle rules. Thirty-six cities, home to 268,056 people, have bicycle rules and no e-bike words, such as "No person shall ride a bicycle upon a sidewalk within a business district" (Minot § 8-51) and a chief's power to post sidewalks against bicycles.

Carrington goes further, "It shall be unlawful for any person to ride a bicycle on any sidewalk in the city" (Carrington Code ch. 8), and Bottineau bars "a bicycle, skateboard or motorized vehicle" from downtown sidewalks (Bottineau Code ch. 3).

And 262 towns post no code we could read. They hold 66,472 people, 10.7 percent of city residents: 172 have no website we could locate, 74 have a website that posts no ordinances, 15 sites would not load on any route we tried, and one posted a code we could not extract. In those towns, ride by the state rules and ask city hall before you take a sidewalk.

State parks, wildlife areas and trust lands

In a North Dakota state park you ride on the roads and on trails built for bikes, and nowhere else. The Parks and Recreation rule reads: "No person shall operate any motorized or nonmotorized vehicle beyond the roads and trails built and maintained for the operation of that specific vehicle", a class 1 noncriminal offense (N.D. Admin. Code § 58-02-08-07(4)).

The same section says motor vehicles in parks are "governed under North Dakota Century Code title 39" (§ 58-02-08-07(1)), and Title 39 says an e-bike is a bicycle.

The rule covers you whichever way an e-bike is classed, motorized or not: the test is whether the trail was built and maintained for the vehicle you are on. The department has written no e-bike rule of its own: no rule in the Administrative Code names an e-bike, so a park trail's own signs are the designation to look for; where a trail is signed for bicycles, ride it as one.

On wildlife management areas, motorized vehicles stay on the roads and parking lots. The Game and Fish rule: "the use of all motorized vehicles is restricted to those constructed roads, established trails, and parking areas normally used by passenger cars" (§ 30-04-02-03). Whether a Class 1 e-bike is a "motorized vehicle" in that rule is not defined anywhere in the chapter, so on a WMA treat it as one and keep to the roads.

On the state's sovereign lands, motorized vehicles are banned except on permitted trails and a short list of crossings and access routes (§ 89-10-01-13), under rules the Department of Water Resources writes.

Sovereign lands are "those areas, including beds and islands, lying within the ordinary high water mark of navigable lakes and streams" (N.D.C.C. § 61-33-01), so a ride on a sandbar or an island in a navigable river is a question for that rule before it is one for traffic law.

Hunting with an e-bike

If you hunt from an e-bike in North Dakota, read it as a motor-driven vehicle: off an established road or trail you need the landowner's written permission. Title 20.1 defines a "Motor-driven vehicle" as "any land vehicle, with or without wheels, that is propelled by any motor" (N.D.C.C. § 20.1-01-02(31)), and an e-bike's motor propels it.

The hunting rule then reads: "an individual, while hunting big game or small game, other than waterfowl or cranes, may not use a motor-driven vehicle on any land other than an established road or trail without the written permission of the landowner" (§ 20.1-01-07(1)). There is a retrieval exception for a big game animal you have taken and cannot easily reach, and after retrieval you return to the road or trail by the same route.

The same section bars using any motor-driven vehicle to "drive or attempt to drive, run or attempt to run, molest or attempt to molest, flush or attempt to flush, or harass" game (§ 20.1-01-07(3)).

On land enrolled in the Game and Fish Department's walk-in program, the 2026 deer proclamation adds: "No person may use motor-driven vehicles on North Dakota Game and Fish Department Conservation PLOTS (Private Land Open To Sportsmen) property without permission from the landowner, or if posted with signs granting vehicle access" (2026 deer proclamation). The fall turkey and pronghorn proclamations carry their own versions of the line, so read the one for your season.

How other states treat hunting from an e-bike is in our state-by-state guide to e-bike hunting laws; on North Dakota ground, the two rules above are the ones that bind you.

Federal land: Theodore Roosevelt, the Maah Daah Hey and the refuges

Theodore Roosevelt National Park

In Theodore Roosevelt National Park an e-bike goes where a bicycle goes, and a bicycle goes only on the park roads. The park's compendium defines an e-bike as "a two- or three-wheeled cycle with fully operable pedals and an electric motor of less than 750 watts (1 hp.)" and allows it "where traditional bicycles are allowed" (Theodore Roosevelt NP Superintendent's Compendium).

The bicycle rule leaves little: "Bicycles shall be allowed on park roads open to public use. All administrative roads are closed to bicycle use. All trails and backcountry areas are closed to bicycle use" (TRNP compendium, § 4.30).

Off the roads where cars may go, the motor may only assist your pedaling: "using the electric motor to move an e-bike without pedaling is prohibited" except where motor vehicles are allowed (TRNP compendium). The compendium was approved on March 21, 2025.

The federal line is worded differently from North Dakota's. The park says "less than 750 watts" (TRNP compendium), and the state says "seven hundred fifty or fewer" (§ 39-01-01(19)); a bike rated at exactly 750 W is an e-bike in the state's words and outside the park's. If you plan to ride the park's roads, choose a bike rated below 750 W.

The state's two national historic sites use the same e-bike paragraph (NPS, North Dakota). Knife River Indian Villages (laws and policies) and Fort Union Trading Post, whose compendium was approved on December 30, 2025 (Fort Union compendium), allow e-bikes where bicycles are allowed.

The Maah Daah Hey Trail

On the Maah Daah Hey Trail, e-bikes are banned. The Forest Service, which manages the trail across the Dakota Prairie Grasslands, says: "All trails are designated for non-motorized use only. As a result, motorized vehicles—including e-bikes, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), utility terrain vehicles (UTVs), and snowmobiles—are prohibited" (USFS, Maah Daah Hey Trail). State law calling an e-bike a bicycle does not change a federal trail designation.

National wildlife refuges

On a national wildlife refuge, an e-bike rides as a bicycle only where the refuge manager has said so. Federal rule 50 CFR 27.31(m) reads: "If the refuge manager determines that electric bicycle (also known as e-bike) use is a compatible use on roads or trails", a rider not using the motor alone for "an extended period of time" has the rights and duties of a cyclist (50 CFR 27.31).

The same rule defines the e-bike at "not more than 750 watts (1 h.p.)" (50 CFR 27.31). Without that determination, the refuge's motor-vehicle rules apply, so check the refuge's own page before you ride.

Riding under the influence

Riding a bicycle or an e-bike drunk in North Dakota is a $200 noncriminal fee, and it is not a DUI under the motor-vehicle law. The rule: you "may not be under the influence of alcohol or any drug to a degree which renders the individual a hazard to themselves or the general public", and "An individual who violates this section must be assessed a fee of two hundred dollars" (§ 39-10.1-10).

That is a 2023 change. In 2012 the Supreme Court held that a bicycle is a "vehicle" under the DUI statute, § 39-08-01 (City of Lincoln v. Johnston, 2012 ND 139, ¶ 1).

In 2023 the Legislature passed HB 1506, which says that for the DUI statute "a bicycle or ridden animal may not be deemed a vehicle" (§ 39-07-01(2)) and created the $200 fee; the Governor signed it on April 10, 2023, and it took effect August 1, 2023 (HB 1506).

Mandan's adopted Ordinance 1489 sets its own fee for riding an e-bike under the influence, $300, once the ordinance is in force (Mandan). A motorized bicycle is different again: the Code's word "vehicle" leaves out only the e-bike, so a motorized bicycle is a vehicle and the state's DUI law applies to it.

When an e-bike stops being one

A bike over 750 W, or one that assists beyond its class, is not an electric bicycle in North Dakota, and the Code sorts it into one of two motor classes. Which one depends on its power, its top speed and its drive.

Source: N.D.C.C. §§ 39-01-01(48)-(49), 39-06-14.1, 39-06-49, read October 3, 2026.

Two brake horsepower is about 1,491 watts. A bike rated between 750 W and that figure that meets the table's other tests is a motorized bicycle; above it, a motorcycle. North Dakota's Code counts a motorized bicycle as a motor vehicle "for purposes of motor vehicle registration, title registration, and operator's licenses" (§ 39-01-01(47)).

Registration for a motorized bicycle is set by statute at the motorcycle rate, "Motorcycles, fifteen dollars" (§ 39-04-19(2)(c)), plus a ten-dollar motorcycle safety education fee at each registration (§ 39-28-01). The Department of Transportation's own motorcycle-license page puts the motorized bicycle in plain terms: a "Valid permit or license of any class", and age "at least 14" (NDDOT, Motorcycle License).

The 750-watt line is the one to shop by. Of our 219 e-bike listings on October 3, 2026, 64 were inside the three classes on the figures they print and 94 were rated over 750 W (our shelf).

Rebates: what North Dakota's utilities offer

We found no e-bike rebate in North Dakota, from the state or any electric utility whose website we could read. We searched the websites of all 36 utilities that have one, of the 38 on the U.S. Energy Information Administration's lists for the state (Form EIA-861 data files); together they serve all but 104 of the 485,894 North Dakota customers on the 2024 list. No page we read offers money toward an e-bike.

The pages that mention an e-bike are a co-op's tip that e-bike batteries "can generate heat while charging" (Cass County Electric), a city's 2020 grant for a kayak and bike kiosk and its 2023 note that the police department bought an e-bike with a grant, and a co-op magazine's 2022 feature on e-bike riders.

The other 2 utilities are the City of Sharon, which has no website we could find, and the Western Area Power Administration, whose 21 North Dakota customers on the 2024 list are commercial and industrial accounts, none of them a household (Form EIA-861 data files).

The state's energy office has no e-bike program either. The Department of Commerce's rebate page says "Neither Energy Rebate Programs have launched and no rebates are currently available" (Home Energy Rebates), and its Energy Efficiency Program and State Energy Program pages name no bicycle. Of the bills filed in 2023 and 2025, the seven that mention a bicycle re-enact definitions, set fees or name a safety week; none offers a rebate.

What you can use instead is time: you can split every pick below into payments at checkout, and each card shows your monthly figure (our picks).

Of 36 utility websites read, none offers money toward an e-bike.

Our shelf against North Dakota's lines

North Dakota's line is generous: "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts", so a 750 W bike is inside. The state's three classes then ask two more things, a top assisted speed of 20 mph for a throttle bike and 28 mph for a pedal-only one, and working pedals (§ 39-01-01(19)).

Source: our product screen of all 219 e-bike listings as our catalog stood on October 3, 2026, against N.D.C.C. § 39-01-01(19) on each listing's rated motor, top speed, throttle and pedals; trikes counted, scooters and motorbikes left out.

Of the 123 outside the classes, the Code's own tests make 52 motorized bicycles and 69 motorcycles, and 2 could be either depending on a figure their makers do not print (§ 39-01-01(48)-(49)).

The rated motor is what puts most listings outside: 94 of the 123 outside the classes are rated over 750 W.

The national parks draw the line one step tighter. Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Fort Union Trading Post and Knife River Indian Villages admit an e-bike under "less than 750 watts" (TRNP compendium, Fort Union compendium), so a bike rated at exactly 750 W, inside the state's "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts" (§ 39-01-01(19)), rides North Dakota's roads as an e-bike and is outside the parks' definition.

Rated watts and peak watts

North Dakota's definition does not say whether its 750 watts is the motor's rated output or its peak. Many makers print both: a rated, continuous figure and a higher short-burst peak. The Supreme Court's own search returns no opinion for "electric bicycle", and no Department of Transportation page we read says which figure an officer reads, so a bike with a peak over 750 W is inside on one reading and outside on the other.

Two of our six picks print a peak above 750 W, and their cards say so. If you want a bike that is inside on either reading, choose one whose maker prints no figure above 750 W: of our six, the Zeal LT7 (500 W rated, 750 W peak), the MAX-CARGO 2.0, the MG1703 and the Citytri E-310.

Six bikes for North Dakota

Each of the six is a throttle bike that stops assisting at 20 mph, a Class 2 electric bicycle in North Dakota's words, and each is rated at 750 W or less: five on their makers' own pages, and the MG1703 on our listing's figures. Each fits a different rider, from a $599 folder for a dorm room to a trike for three wheels on a gravel road. Every one ships free to North Dakota.

Samebike's own photograph of the CY20 PRO in black, folded for the car.

VTUVIA's own photograph of the Zeal LT7 in Olive Green, a step-through frame with a rear rack and full fenders.

Qiolor's own photograph of the TIGER RE in its tiger yellow finish, with the tank-style cover and bench seat.

Eunorau's own photograph of the MAX-CARGO 2.0 in Green, with its long rear deck, side footboards and fenders.

DWMEIGI's own photograph of the MG1703 in White, with orange trim, a front wire basket and a black rear bag.

Addmotor's own photograph of the Citytri E-310 in Neptune Blue, with a brown saddle and backrest and a rear basket.

The six cover six kinds of North Dakota riding. For the lowest price and a fold, the Samebike CY20 PRO Spoked Wheel; for a commuter step-through, the VTUVIA Zeal LT7. For four-inch tires on gravel and snow, the Qiolor TIGER RE; for loads and a passenger, the Eunorau MAX-CARGO 2.0. For three wheels and fat tires, the DWMEIGI MG1703; for three wheels that fold, the Addmotor Citytri E-310.

The Shop Pay figures are for the bike alone. Other models from the same makers are on our store under Samebike, VTUVIA, Qiolor, Eunorau, DWMEIGI and Addmotor; if you choose one of them, check its rated motor and top speed against the table above, or ask us to read the maker's figures for you.

Not an e-bike: scooters, mopeds and dirt bikes

A stand-up scooter, a moped and an electric dirt bike are not electric bicycles in North Dakota, and each falls under a different rule. The quickest test is the pedals: the e-bike definition needs "fully operable pedals" and a seat (§ 39-01-01(19)).

Electric scooters are a city matter. The whole Century Code uses the word "scooter" once, for mobility aids in an assistive-technology chapter (§ 51-24-01), so the state has no scooter definition and no scooter rules; the cities write them:

Source: each city's code as linked, read October 3-4, 2026.

A moped is a "motorized bicycle" in North Dakota law if it has two or three wheels, pedals or footrests, no more than two brake horsepower, a top speed of 30 mph unassisted and an automatic drive (§ 39-01-01(49)). It needs a license of any class or the $10 motorized bicycle permit at 14, registration at the motorcycle rate, and a helmet under 18 (When an e-bike stops being one).

A class M license is not required: the Code's class M rule says "excluding motorized bicycles and tractors" (§ 39-06-14.1(2)).

An electric dirt bike with footpegs and no pedals is never an e-bike. On a road it is a motorized bicycle if it stays inside that definition's limits, which allow footrests in place of pedals, and a motorcycle if it does not, with a class M license, plates and insurance (§ 39-01-01(48)-(49)).

Off the road, the Code's off-highway vehicle chapter covers "any motorized vehicle not designed for use on a highway" and leaves the e-bike out by name (§ 39-29-01(2)), so the dirt bike falls under that chapter's rules.

North Dakota eBike laws at a glance

In North Dakota your e-bike is a bicycle: you need no license, plate or insurance, the state sets no minimum age, only Class 3 riders under 18 need a helmet, and every class may use bike paths unless a land manager bars it. The table gives the section behind each answer.

Source: N.D.C.C. sections as named, read October 3-4, 2026; city and federal sources as linked above.

Which rule applies to you

Three things decide which rules bind you: your age, your bike's class and the city you ride in. Find your case in the table; state law applies everywhere, Bismarck, Dickinson, West Fargo, Jamestown and other cities add lines of their own, and Mandan will once its ordinance is published.

What the AI answers get wrong about North Dakota

We asked an AI search engine ten questions people type about North Dakota e-bikes on October 3, 2026, and five of its answers contain a claim the record contradicts. None of the ten cited this page or any page of ours. The ten prompts are Google's own autocomplete strings, and the answers are saved word for word (How we verified this guide, in detail).

Two things no answer mentioned are worth knowing: Dickinson keeps e-bikes off roads with four lanes or a limit above 25 mph, and state law reads two ways on sidewalks.

What a North Dakota e-bike ticket costs

Breaking a state e-bike or bicycle rule costs at most $5 and puts no points on your driving record. The bicycle chapter says a violator "may be assessed a fee not to exceed five dollars" (§ 39-10.1-01(1)), and no violation on "an electric bicycle" is "cause for the licensing authority to assess points against the driving record of the violator" (§ 39-10.1-08). The exception is riding under the influence: $200 (§ 39-10.1-10).

A state e-bike fee tops out at $5; Bismarck's fines run from $50 to $200.

City fines run higher than the state's, and state law sets a limit on that. A city's fee for a traffic violation "may exceed, by up to one hundred percent, the limit, for an equivalent category of violation" in the state's schedule (§ 40-05-06(2)).

The state's fee schedule names no bicycle or e-bike violation (§ 39-06.1-06), so the statute does not say which of its limits a city's e-bike fine is measured against; Bismarck's ordinance sets its $50, $100 and $200 steps itself.

Bismarck can also take the bike: an officer may "remove, take custody of, or impound an electric bicycle" that is unlawfully operated or creates a hazard (§ 12-17-14(2)(a)), West Fargo may impound a bicycle ridden against its ordinances (§ 13-1815), and Fargo may impound one left abandoned on a path, sidewalk or street (§ 8-1417).

A North Dakota e-bike checklist

Before you ride, run these eight checks on your bike and your route. Each takes a minute, and together they keep you inside state law and your city's rules wherever you ride in North Dakota.

1. Read the label. Since January 1, 2022 your bike should carry its class, top assisted speed and motor wattage on a permanent label (§ 39-10.1-09(1)).
2. Check the motor. 750 W or less rated; under 750 W if you will ride a national park road.
3. Class 3? Fit a speedometer, and a helmet for any rider under 18.
4. Lights for dark. A white front lamp seen at 500 feet and a red rear reflector (§ 39-10.1-07).
5. Know your city's line. Bismarck 12 and 16 and helmets under 18; Dickinson 12, no fast roads; West Fargo no sidewalks over age 12.
6. Stay on the right trails. Bike-signed trails in state parks; park roads at Theodore Roosevelt; never the Maah Daah Hey.
7. Leave it stock. No unlocking past the class, no swapped controller.
8. Hunting? Off a road or trail only with the landowner's written permission.

If an officer stops you

Stop, and answer as a cyclist: on a bike inside the three classes you carry no license, plate or insurance card because the law asks for none. Point to the class label the statute requires on every e-bike sold here (§ 39-10.1-09(1)).

If the bike is over 750 W or has been unlocked past its class, the officer may treat it as a motorized bicycle or a motorcycle, and then the license and registration rules apply. In Bismarck, a stop can end with the bike impounded (Bismarck § 12-17-14(2)).

How North Dakota compares

North Dakota's 750-watt line includes 750, as South Dakota's and Minnesota's do, but it sets no riding age, where both neighbors set one. South Dakota's e-bike has "an electric motor of seven hundred fifty watts or less" (SDCL 32-20B-9), and a Class III rider "shall be at least sixteen years of age" (§ 32-20B-13).

Minnesota's has a motor of "not more than 750 watts" (Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 27), and "A person under the age of 15 must not operate an electric-assisted bicycle" (§ 169.222, subd. 6a). Montana writes no watt figure at all; its test is a top speed of 20 mph (MCA § 61-8-102(7)).

The 50 states' definitions fall into six groups by the words they use for the motor, from the national census of definitions we keep (How we verified this guide, in detail):

• "Less than" or "fewer than" 750 watts (19): Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming.
• 750 watts included (24): California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and North Dakota itself.
• A watt limit and a horsepower cap together (1): Nebraska.
• A horsepower cap only (1): Rhode Island.
• A definition with no power figure (3): Montana, New Jersey and Oregon.
• No e-bike definition (2): Alaska and Kentucky.

A 750 W motor is inside every watt line here except the national parks'.

What changed, 2021 to 2026

Your e-bike's place in North Dakota law dates from August 1, 2021, when HB 1148 made it a bicycle in three classes. The e-bike definition has not changed since; what changed after it came from two 2023 bills (multipassenger bicycles and the DUI fee), the national park's 2025 compendium and city ordinances, Bismarck's above all.

Five years of state and city rules, from the three classes in 2021 to Bismarck's ordinance in 2026.

Source: the bills' action pages and each record as linked, read October 3-4, 2026.

Where to read next

If your ride crosses a state line, or you want more depth than one state's law, start with these: the three neighboring states, every state's law on one page, hunting from an e-bike, and our reviews of five of the six picks.

• Riding into a neighbor state: South Dakota, Minnesota and Montana.
• Every state on one page: our e-bike laws by state hub.
• Hunting from an e-bike: e-bike hunting laws, state by state.
• The picks in depth: reviews of the Samebike CY20 PRO Spoked, VTUVIA Zeal LT7, Qiolor TIGER RE, Eunorau MAX-CARGO 2.0 and Addmotor Citytri E-310.

The bottom line

Buy a bike rated 750 W or less that stops assisting at 20 mph with a throttle, or at 28 mph on pedal assist only, and North Dakota asks you for nothing else: no license, plate, title or insurance.

Then learn your city's line: Bismarck's ages and helmets, Dickinson's roads, West Fargo's and Jamestown's sidewalks, and, soon, Mandan's ages. Keep to bike-signed trails in state parks (N.D. Admin. Code § 58-02-08-07(4)), to the roads in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, and off the Maah Daah Hey.

If you are choosing a bike for North Dakota, choose one inside the three classes on its published figures and leave it as it ships; our six picks all are, from $599.

Each of the six goes straight to checkout and ships free to North Dakota:

• Buy the Samebike CY20 PRO Spoked Wheel
• Buy the VTUVIA Zeal LT7
• Buy the Qiolor TIGER RE
• Buy the Eunorau MAX-CARGO 2.0
• Buy the DWMEIGI MG1703
• Buy the Addmotor Citytri E-310

Why buy a North Dakota e-bike from us

Every pick above ships free to North Dakota, and if a part fails, we file the claim with the maker for you. Each card states the motor figure and class from the maker's own page, or from our listing where the maker prints none, beside our price, read the day we published, so you know where the bike stands under North Dakota law before you pay.

• Free shipping on every electric bike to North Dakota, as to the rest of the contiguous United States (shipping policy).
• Warranty claims filed for you with the maker, on the picks whose product pages say so.
• Shop Pay at checkout, with interest-free installments on the CY20 PRO and 12-month plans on the others.
• A question before you buy? Email support@redtailebikes.com with your town and the ride, and we will tell you which bike fits it and how North Dakota's rules read for it.

Frequently asked questions

Are e-bikes legal in North Dakota?

Yes. If your pedal bike has an electric motor of "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts" and fits one of three classes, North Dakota law calls it an electric bicycle, and its bicycle definition says "The term includes an electric bicycle" (§ 39-01-01(3), (19)). You ride it with a cyclist's rights and duties on the road, and on bike and multi-use paths unless the path's manager prohibits it.

Do you need a license to ride an electric bike in North Dakota?

No. You need a driver's license only to drive a "motor vehicle" (§ 39-06-01), and North Dakota's motor-vehicle definition excludes "an electric bicycle" by name (§ 39-01-01(47)). If your bike is over 750 W, it is a different matter: it is a motorized bicycle or a motorcycle, and you need a license or a permit (When an e-bike stops being one).

Do I need a title, registration or insurance for an e-bike in North Dakota?

No to all three, and you file nothing with the state. The title chapter lists "An electric bicycle" among its exclusions (§ 39-05-02.2(12)), registration and the insurance mandate apply to motor vehicles, and the insurance chapter's definition leaves out "an electric bicycle" (§ 39-16-01(5)). Your own homeowner's or renter's policy decides what a crash costs you.

What is the minimum age to ride an e-bike in North Dakota?

State law sets none, for any class; the age 14 you may read online is the motorized bicycle permit age (§ 39-06-14.1(3)). Your city may set its own: Bismarck bars Class 1 and 2 riders under 12 and Class 3 riders under 16 (§ 12-12-01(6)), Dickinson bars riders under 12, and Mandan has adopted Bismarck's ages, in force once published.

Do you need a helmet to ride an e-bike in North Dakota?

Only if you ride a Class 3 bike and are under 18: "An individual under the age of eighteen may not operate a class 3 electric bicycle unless the individual is wearing a safety helmet" (§ 39-10.1-09(7)). In Bismarck every e-bike rider under 18 must wear one (§ 12-12-01(7)), and in Dickinson every rider under 18 on a roadway.

What is the motor power limit for e-bikes in North Dakota?

750 watts, and 750 itself is inside: the statute says "seven hundred fifty or fewer watts" (§ 39-01-01(19)). It does not say rated or peak, so if your bike is rated at 750 W with a higher peak, it is inside on one reading and outside on the other (Rated watts and peak watts). If you ride national park roads, they use a stricter line, "less than 750 watts" (TRNP compendium).

Are throttle e-bikes legal in North Dakota?

Yes, as Class 2: a motor "capable of propelling the bicycle without the individual pedaling" that stops assisting at 20 mph (§ 39-01-01(19)(b)). If your throttle pushes past 20 mph, your bike fits no class and is not an e-bike in North Dakota. In Theodore Roosevelt National Park, the throttle alone may move you only where cars may go.

Are Class 3 e-bikes allowed on bike paths in North Dakota?

Yes, you may, unless the path's manager says otherwise: "Unless otherwise prohibited by a governmental entity having jurisdiction, an individual may operate an electric bicycle on any bicycle path or multi-use path" (§ 39-10.1-09(5)). The rule names no class. If you cross into South Dakota, it keeps Class III off bicycle and multi-use paths unless the path runs beside a road or its manager allows it (SDCL 32-20B-12); North Dakota does not.

Can you ride an e-bike on the sidewalk in North Dakota?

State law reads two ways, so your city's rule governs. Section 39-10-52.1 bars any "vehicle" from a sidewalk and § 39-07-01 deems a bicycle a vehicle for that chapter, while city codes treat sidewalk riding as lawful within limits. Bismarck bans business-district sidewalks and caps the rest at 15 mph, West Fargo bars riders 12 and older, and Beulah bans e-bikes from sidewalks entirely, so check your own city's code (Sidewalks).

Does North Dakota have the Idaho stop for e-bikes?

Yes, for every bicycle, e-bikes included. At a stop sign where the cross road has "two or fewer lanes for moving traffic", you slow, yield, and "cautiously may make a turn or proceed through the intersection without stopping"; at three or more lanes, or where a car is stopped at your sign, you stop (§ 39-10.1-05.1). Red lights still mean stop.

Can e-bikes be used on North Dakota state park trails?

Only on trails built for the bike you are on. The Parks and Recreation rule bars "any motorized or nonmotorized vehicle beyond the roads and trails built and maintained for the operation of that specific vehicle" (N.D. Admin. Code § 58-02-08-07(4)). The department publishes no e-bike rule of its own, so follow each trail's signs; on the Maah Daah Hey, a federal trail, your e-bike is banned.

Can e-bikes be ridden on North Dakota state highways?

Yes, you ride them as a bicycle, keeping "as near to the right side of the roadway as practicable" (§ 39-10.1-05). The exception is a controlled-access road, where the Department of Transportation by order, or a city by ordinance, may bar a class of traffic and post signs (§ 39-10-21). If you ride in Dickinson, its roads with four lanes or a limit above 25 mph are closed to e-bikes.

What are the e-bike laws in Bismarck?

Since September 19, 2026, you must be 12 or older on a Class 1 or 2 and 16 or older on a Class 3, wear a helmet if you are under 18, stay off business-district sidewalks except designated routes, keep to 15 mph on other sidewalks, use marked bike lanes where they exist and ride no structurally altered bike. Fines are $50, $100 and $200 (Ordinance 6680, Bismarck Title 12).

How does Mandan's e-bike law differ from Bismarck's?

The ages and fines match; the riding rules differ. Mandan's adopted Ordinance 1489 lets you ride any class on sidewalks and city bike trails at up to 15 mph, slowing to walking speed past pedestrians, where Bismarck keeps e-bikes off business-district sidewalks, and it sets a $300 fee for riding under the influence. It takes effect once Mandan publishes it (Mandan).

What are the e-bike laws in Fargo?

Fargo has no e-bike section, so its bicycle rules apply: walk your bike on Broadway, street and sidewalks, from NP Avenue North to 6th Avenue North (Fargo Police), no riding on skyways or posted sidewalks (§ 8-1418), and children under 12 kept off downtown streets. Fargo still defines a bicycle as human-powered, so how far these reach an e-bike is unsettled.

Do you have to register a bike in Fargo or West Fargo?

No, you do not. Fargo repealed its bicycle license in 2014, and its police "no longer issues bicycle licenses", suggesting the online My Property program instead (Fargo Police). West Fargo's code says "A license is not required to operate a bicycle in the City of West Fargo"; a $1 license is optional (§ 13-1802). Jamestown and Devils Lake do require residents to license bicycles, and whether that reaches your e-bike is unsettled.

Can you get a DUI on an e-bike in North Dakota?

Not under the motor-vehicle DUI law since August 1, 2023: for that statute "a bicycle or ridden animal may not be deemed a vehicle" (§ 39-07-01(2)). If you ride a bicycle or e-bike under the influence "to a degree which renders the individual a hazard", you instead owe a $200 fee (§ 39-10.1-10). A motorized bicycle is still a vehicle, so if you ride one, the DUI law reaches you.

What are the fines for violating North Dakota e-bike laws?

Under state law, you face a fee "not to exceed five dollars" and no points on your license (§ 39-10.1-01, § 39-10.1-08), except $200 for riding under the influence. Cities set more: Bismarck's e-bike rules carry $50, $100 and $200 fines and impound authority, and Mandan's adopted ordinance has the same steps.

Is there an e-bike rebate in North Dakota?

We found none. None of the 36 North Dakota electric utilities with a website we read offers an e-bike rebate, and the Department of Commerce, the state's energy office, lists no e-bike program (Rebates). You can split each of our picks into payments at checkout instead, and its card shows your monthly figure (picks).

Are electric scooters legal in North Dakota?

State law neither defines nor bans them: the Century Code uses "scooter" once, for mobility aids (§ 51-24-01). Your city writes the rules: Bismarck allows scooters at 12 and older on roads up to 30 mph, Minot on streets up to 25 mph, and West Fargo keeps them off sidewalks and bike paths; four of the five cities in our table require a helmet under 18 (Not an e-bike).

What this page does not cover

Our city census stops at North Dakota's 355 incorporated cities. The 173,817 North Dakotans who live outside every one of them, 21.8% of the state's 796,568 (Census Bureau), ride under state law and the rules of whoever manages the road or land; county and township ordinances are not covered here.

Rules set by tribal governments on the state's reservations are not covered either, and private land open to the public follows the owner's terms. Nothing on this page is legal advice for a particular case.

How we verified this guide, in detail

Written by Milad Ghobadibeygvand, BScN (Western University, 2014), for the Redtail eBikes journal. Our evidence here is data and math: every figure about our six picks is verified against the maker's own page, or our listing where the maker prints none, and all 219 of our e-bike listings are screened against North Dakota's definition, on the figures each listing prints, on the date stated.

The primary sources

Every rule is quoted from its primary source: the Century Code, the Constitution, the Administrative Code and the bill records on the Legislature's site; each city's code, with council minutes where a code had not caught up; the Supreme Court's records; the eCFR, the park compendia and the Forest Service's trail page; and the Game and Fish proclamations. No rule rests on a summary, a competitor's guide or an AI answer.

The instruments

The instruments behind the page are re-runnable. They read all 2,532 chapters of the Century Code and found 29,112 of the 29,116 sections the Legislature's index lists; the four the chapter files do not print sit in banking, alcohol, holiday and child-care chapters. They read all 2,187 documents of the Administrative Code, six of them reserved placeholders with no rule text.

They read the titles of all 8,788 measures filed from 2009 through the special session of September 2026, and the full text of every version filed in 2023 (3,005) and in 2025 (3,146).

They read the whole published code of 15 cities at Municode and of Williston at eCode360, Bismarck's Title 12 from the city's own site, and every code, chapter and ordinance posted on the other cities' websites, scanned pages included. Of 167 city websites opened, 15 would not load and 95 posted no code we could find. For Bismarck, Mandan, Beulah, Grand Forks, Devils Lake and Ellendale, the council's own minutes and agenda packets were read as well.

They also read the superintendent's compendia of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Fort Union Trading Post and Knife River Indian Villages, the Forest Service's Maah Daah Hey page, the federal refuge rule and the Game and Fish Department's 2026 proclamations, and searched the Supreme Court's own opinions on October 4, 2026.

The utility census covers all 38 electric utilities on the EIA's 2024 list and its 2025 early release for North Dakota (Form EIA-861 data files). Of the 36 with a website, 35 were read in full and 1 in part (City of Valley City).

On each site read in part, every page whose address names a program, rebate, energy, power, light, utility or news section was read, and the pages left unread are listed in nd-utility-census_20261004.csv. Xcel Energy's North Dakota pages were read in a full browser; 15,034 utility pages were read in all.

Where the questions came from

The questions this page answers come from what people search: Google's autocomplete, the people-also-ask questions and related searches that Brave, DuckDuckGo and Bing showed for 15 searches, the headings of the pages that rank, Reddit threads, and one AI search engine's answers to ten of those questions.

First-party datasets published with this guide:

• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-local-ledger_20261004.csv: all 355 cities, population, code status and every rule found
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-legal-product-screen_20261003.csv: our 219 e-bike listings against § 39-01-01(19)
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-code-fulltext_20261003.csv and nd-admincode-fulltext_20261003.csv: every Century Code and Administrative Code section naming an e-bike, bicycle, motorized-bicycle or motor-vehicle term
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-bill-sweep_20261003.csv and ..._fulltext.csv: the 8,788 measures by title, and the 2023 and 2025 versions by full text
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-utility-census_20261004.csv: every electric utility on the 2024 EIA list and what its website shows
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/ai-panel_20261004.md: the AI answers and how each scored against the record
• research/state-laws/north-dakota/nd-picks-store-read_20261004.json and nd-picks-shoppay-terms_20261004.json: each pick's price, stock and payment plans

Corrections go to support@redtailebikes.com, and we publish them.

Last verified: October 4, 2026. The Century Code, Administrative Code, bills, city codes and council records, land managers' pages, court records and utilities' pages were read on October 3 and 4, 2026, and the makers' pages, our prices and stock, and the Shop Pay terms on October 4.

The source register

Every rule on this page rests on a first-tier source you can open yourself. Two kinds of second-tier source are cited, each for what only it records: the state's Vision Zero and Department of Transportation pages, for how the state describes its e-bike and motorcycle rules, and the Fargo Police Department's pages, for its downtown walking zone and the end of bicycle licenses.

Limitations

Each limit below is a question the record leaves open, with what would close it. Where one touches your ride, the section that covers it says what to do in the meantime.

1. Mandan adopted Ordinance 1489 on September 1, 2026, and its signed copy lists publication for September 26; we found no published notice by October 4, and the ordinance is not in force until it is published. Expires when Mandan's publication is confirmed.
2. Grand Forks put an e-bike discussion on its September 21, 2026 council agenda, Devils Lake's minutes of August 17, 2026 mention an e-bike ordinance being worked on, and Ellendale gave a first reading on September 14, 2026 to a section on stand-on devices whose text is not posted. Expires as each council adopts, posts or drops its rule.
3. Notices or local reports point to e-bike or scooter rules in Bowman, Crosby, Minto, Mohall and Rugby that the towns' own records did not show us. Expires as each town posts its ordinance.
4. 262 of the 355 cities, home to 66,472 people, post no code we could read, and 37 more, home to 23,477, post ordinances but no traffic chapter. Expires as each one posts its code.
5. A city ordinance adopted since its code's last update is not in the code we read; if your city's code looks old, ask the city office what it has adopted since.
6. Whether North Dakota's 750 watts means a motor's rating or its peak is settled by no statute, rule or ruling we found; the picks are chosen on the rated reading, and the two whose peaks pass 750 W say so. Expires when a court, the Legislature or the Department of Transportation answers it.
7. Whether the state's no-vehicle-on-a-sidewalk rule reaches a bicycle, and so an e-bike, is published both ways. Expires when a court rules or the Legislature amends § 39-10-52.1 or § 39-07-01.
8. Whether Grand Forks' rule against motor vehicles on posted bike paths reaches an e-bike is published both ways. Expires when the city amends § 8-1108.
9. The product screen counts our catalog as it stood on October 3, 2026, and the picks' prices and stock as they stood on October 4; listings that print no motor rating, top speed or pedal detail are left undecided. Expires as each listing is completed.
10. Of the AI engines in our panel, only one could be read on October 3, 2026; ChatGPT, Perplexity and Google's AI Mode returned no answer, so the AI errors listed come from one engine's answers. Expires at the next panel run.

References

Every source below was retrieved and read on the date stated. North Dakota statutes, rules and bills point at the Legislature's own site, federal rules at the eCFR and the land managers' own pages, and city ordinances at each city's own publisher or council record.

1. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-01-01, § 39-01-01(3); § 39-01-01(104); § 39-01-01(19); N.D.C.C. § 39-01-01(19); § 39-01-01(19)(b) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c01.pdf#nameddest=39-01-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
2. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-09, § 39-10.1-09(7); § 39-10.1-09(6)-(7); § 39-10.1-09(1); § 39-10.1-09(5) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-09 Accessed October 4, 2026.
3. City of Bismarck, North Dakota. Title 12, Traffic Code, Bismarck Code § 12-12-01(6)-(7); § 12-12-01(6); § 12-12-01(7); § 12-12-07; § 12-12-11; § 12-12-03 (as posted, read 2026-10-03). https://www.bismarcknd.gov/DocumentView.aspx?DID=160 Accessed October 4, 2026.
4. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-02 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-02 Accessed October 4, 2026.
5. North Dakota Department of Transportation (Vision Zero). E-bike, Vision Zero, E-bike; Vision Zero; North Dakota Vision Zero (as served 2026-10-04). https://www.visionzero.nd.gov/reaching-zero/road-users/e-bike Accessed October 4, 2026.
6. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1148, 67th Legislative Assembly (2021): actions, HB 1148 actions; Bill versions and action histories (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/67-2021/regular/bill-actions/ba1148.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
7. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. Constitution of North Dakota, article IV, N.D. Const. art. IV, § 13; North Dakota Constitution (current text, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/constit/a04.pdf Accessed October 4, 2026.
8. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1148 (2021), Senate Transportation amendment 21.0508.02003, Senate amendment 21.0508.02003 (2021). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/67-2021/regular/documents/21-0508-02003a.pdf Accessed October 4, 2026.
9. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1148 (2021), conference committee amendment 21.0508.02004, conference amendment 21.0508.02004 (2021). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/67-2021/regular/documents/21-0508-02004a.pdf Accessed October 4, 2026.
10. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1290, 67th Legislative Assembly (2021): actions (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/67-2021/regular/bill-actions/ba1290.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
11. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1252, 67th Legislative Assembly (2021): actions (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/67-2021/regular/bill-actions/ba1252.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
12. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1316, 68th Legislative Assembly (2023): bill overview (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/regular/bill-overview/bo1316.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
13. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1346, 69th Legislative Assembly (2025): bill overview (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/regular/bill-overview/bo1346.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
14. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1493, 68th Legislative Assembly (2023): actions (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/regular/bill-actions/ba1493.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
15. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. HB 1614, 69th Legislative Assembly (2025): actions (as served 2026-10-04). https://ndlegis.gov/assembly/69-2025/regular/bill-actions/ba1614.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
16. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-06-01 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c06.pdf#nameddest=39-06-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
17. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-06-14.1, § 39-06-14.1(3); § 39-06-14.1(2) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c06.pdf#nameddest=39-06-14p1 Accessed October 4, 2026.
18. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-05-02.2, § 39-05-02.2(12) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c05.pdf#nameddest=39-05-02p2 Accessed October 4, 2026.
19. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-08-20 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c08.pdf#nameddest=39-08-20 Accessed October 4, 2026.
20. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-16-01, § 39-16-01(5) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c16.pdf#nameddest=39-16-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
21. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 57-40.3-02 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t57c40-3.pdf#nameddest=57-40p3-02 Accessed October 4, 2026.
22. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 57-40.3-01, § 57-40.3-01(2) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t57c40-3.pdf#nameddest=57-40p3-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
23. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-29-01, § 39-29-01(2) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c29.pdf#nameddest=39-29-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
24. City of Jamestown, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Jamestown § 8-2; § 8-2 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/jamestown/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH8BI_S8-2LIEQ Accessed October 4, 2026.
25. City of West Fargo, North Dakota. Title 13, Traffic, West Fargo § 13-1802; § 13-1813; § 13-1808(3); West Fargo § 13-0101; § 13-2006; § 13-1802 (as posted). https://www.westfargond.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1014/Title-13---Traffic-PDF Accessed October 4, 2026.
26. City of Fargo, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Fargo § 8-1402, editor's note (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/fargo/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=FARGO_MUNICIPAL_CODECIFANODA_CH8TRCO_ART8-14BI_8-1402RE Accessed October 4, 2026.
27. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-01, § 39-10.1-01(2); § 39-10.1-01(1) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
28. City of Dickinson, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 58-459(a) (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/dickinson/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH58TRVE_ARTXIBI_DIV2LI_S58-459GEOPRE Accessed October 4, 2026.
29. City of Dickinson, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 58-461(c); § 58-461(d) (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/dickinson/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH58TRVE_ARTXIBI_DIV2LI_S58-461RESAEQ Accessed October 4, 2026.
30. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.2-06 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-2.pdf#nameddest=39-10p2-06 Accessed October 4, 2026.
31. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-07 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-07 Accessed October 4, 2026.
32. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-05 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-05 Accessed October 4, 2026.
33. City of Watford City, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1205 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/watford_city/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHVIIITR_ART12REBI_8-1205RIROBIPA Accessed October 4, 2026.
34. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10-21 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10.pdf#nameddest=39-10-21 Accessed October 4, 2026.
35. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10-52.1 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10.pdf#nameddest=39-10-52p1 Accessed October 4, 2026.
36. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-07-01, § 39-07-01(1); § 39-07-01(2) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c07.pdf#nameddest=39-07-01 Accessed October 4, 2026.
37. City of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Grand Forks § 8-1104; § 8-1104 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/grand_forks/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICICO_CHVIIITRMOVE_ART11BIMOBIPA_8-1104RISIREDI Accessed October 4, 2026.
38. North Dakota Supreme Court. Opinion search, 'bicycle sidewalk', 0 results; 'bicycle' 41 (searched 2026-10-04). https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinions?searchQuery=bicycle+sidewalk&pageSize=100 Accessed October 4, 2026.
39. City of Fargo, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1418 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/fargo/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=FARGO_MUNICIPAL_CODECIFANODA_CH8TRCO_ART8-14BI_8-1418RISI Accessed October 4, 2026.
40. City of Dickinson, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 58-458(1); Dickinson § 58-458; § 58-458 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/dickinson/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH58TRVE_ARTXIBI_DIV2LI_S58-458PROP Accessed October 4, 2026.
41. City of Watford City, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1209(5); § 8-1209 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/watford_city/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CHVIIITR_ART12REBI_8-1209RIBIOTBIGEOP Accessed October 4, 2026.
42. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10.1-05.1, § 39-10.1-05.1(3); § 39-10.1-05.1(6) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10-1.pdf#nameddest=39-10p1-05p1 Accessed October 4, 2026.
43. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-10-11.1 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c10.pdf#nameddest=39-10-11p1 Accessed October 4, 2026.
44. City of Bismarck, North Dakota. City Commission minutes, September 8, 2026, Ordinance 6680 hearing (2026-09-08). https://bismarcknd.api.civicclerk.com/v1/Meetings/GetMeetingFileStream%28fileId=5694,plainText=false%29 Accessed October 4, 2026.
45. City of Bismarck, North Dakota. Ordinances Passed in 2026, Ord. 6680, adopted 09-19-26 (2026). https://www.bismarcknd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/54773/Ordinances-Passed-in-2026 Accessed October 4, 2026.
46. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 40-11-07, N.D.C.C. § 40-11-07 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t40c11.pdf#nameddest=40-11-07 Accessed October 4, 2026.
47. City of Bismarck, North Dakota. Appendix A, Park District Ordinances (as posted). https://www.bismarcknd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/144/Appendix-A---Park-District-Ordinances Accessed October 4, 2026.
48. City of Mandan, North Dakota. City Commission packet, September 15, 2026, with the minutes of September 1, 2026, and Ordinance 1489, Ordinance 1489, second consideration (2026-09-15). https://mandannd.api.civicclerk.com/v1/Meetings/GetMeetingFileStream%28fileId=1522,plainText=false%29 Accessed October 4, 2026.
49. City of Mandan, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Mandan Code, Chapter 24 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/mandan/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PT2CO_CH24TRVE Accessed October 4, 2026.
50. City of Fargo, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Fargo § 8-0101(2) (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/fargo/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=FARGO_MUNICIPAL_CODECIFANODA_CH8TRCO_ART8-01GEPR_8-0101DE Accessed October 4, 2026.
51. City of Fargo Police Department. Bicycling Downtown, Fargo Police, Bicycling Downtown; Fargo Police (as served 2026-10-04). https://fargond.gov/city-government/departments/police/safety-prevention/bike-safety/bicycling-downtown Accessed October 4, 2026.
52. City of Fargo, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1420 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/fargo/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=FARGO_MUNICIPAL_CODECIFANODA_CH8TRCO_ART8-14BI_8-1420REOPCHUNTWYEAG Accessed October 4, 2026.
53. City of Fargo, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-0318 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/fargo/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=FARGO_MUNICIPAL_CODECIFANODA_CH8TRCO_ART8-03REGOOP_8-0318OPMOVEBITRPR Accessed October 4, 2026.
54. City of Fargo Police Department. Bike Safety, Fargo Police, Bike Safety; Fargo Police; Fargo Police Department (as served 2026-10-04). https://fargond.gov/city-government/departments/police/safety-prevention/bike-safety Accessed October 4, 2026.
55. City of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Grand Forks § 8-0101 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/grand_forks/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICICO_CHVIIITRMOVE_ART1INGE_8-0101DE Accessed October 4, 2026.
56. City of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1108 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/grand_forks/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICICO_CHVIIITRMOVE_ART11BIMOBIPA_8-1108OPMOVEBIPAPR Accessed October 4, 2026.
57. City of Grand Forks, North Dakota. City Council agenda, September 21, 2026, item 5.0 (2026-09-21). https://www.grandforksgov.com/home/showpublisheddocument/61060/639253476216800000 Accessed October 4, 2026.
58. City of Dickinson, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), Dickinson Code ch. 58, art. XI, div. 2, §§ 58-458 to 58-461 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/dickinson/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH58TRVE_ARTXIBI_DIV2LI Accessed October 4, 2026.
59. City of Minot, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 8-1 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/minot/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=COOR_CH8BI_ARTIINGE_S8-1DE Accessed October 4, 2026.
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64. City of Wahpeton, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 42-1 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/wahpeton/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH42TRVE_ARTIINGE_S42-1DE Accessed October 4, 2026.
65. City of Wahpeton, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 42-656 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/wahpeton/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH42TRVE_ARTIXBIINSK_S42-656MAUS Accessed October 4, 2026.
66. City of Devils Lake, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 10.02.030 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/devils_lake/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT10VETR_CH10.02DE_10.02.030BI Accessed October 4, 2026.
67. City of Valley City, North Dakota. Code of Ordinances (Municode), § 14-01-01 (current codification, as read). https://library.municode.com/nd/valley_city/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_TIT14MOVE_CH14-01DEGEPR_S14-01-01DE Accessed October 4, 2026.
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72. City of Ellendale, North Dakota. City Council minutes, September 14, 2026 (the city's Google Drive folder), first reading of § 8.0405 (2026-09-14). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Le7CM-xQyelrlRaib69Tc6U3ZxmpCuIC/view Accessed October 4, 2026.
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80. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 20.1-01-07, § 20.1-01-07(1); § 20.1-01-07(3) (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t20-1c01.pdf#nameddest=20p1-01-07 Accessed October 4, 2026.
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113. North Dakota Legislative Assembly. North Dakota Century Code § 39-06.1-06 (current codification, as read). https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c06-1.pdf#nameddest=39-06p1-06 Accessed October 4, 2026.
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119. South Dakota Legislature. South Dakota Codified Laws § 32-20B-12, SDCL 32-20B-12 (current, as read). https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-20B-12.html Accessed October 4, 2026.
120. U.S. Census Bureau. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places, North Dakota (SUB-EST2024), North Dakota rows, 2024 estimates (2025). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/cities/totals/sub-est2024_38.csv Accessed October 4, 2026.

Image credit: the cover was designed in Playcut Brush, from Playcut (playcut.ai), as a hand-written SVG with no image model, on the National Park Service's photograph of the Wind Canyon overlook in Theodore Roosevelt National Park (NPS/Dave Bruner, public domain), its pixels unchanged. Every bike on this page, the cover's six included, is its maker's own photograph, cropped and scaled only; the charts are drawn from the page's datasets.