Qiolor NOVA Review 2026: 450 lb Two-Seat Electric Bike

Two-seat electric bike · 750 W rear hub, 1,200 W peak, 85 N·m · 48 V 15 Ah pack, 720 Wh · one speed · dual rear shocks and a suspension fork · four-piston hydraulic brakes · 20 × 5.0 in tires · 95 lb, rated for 450 lb · 27–29 miles two-up at 15 mph, computed · Class 2 at 20 mph as shipped · $1,599, Qiolor's own US price · verified November 7, 2026

Quick Answer — The Qiolor NOVA is a $1,599 two-seat electric bike with a 33.2-inch bench, a 750 W rear hub, a 720 Wh pack and a 450 lb rating. Two riders totaling 330 lb at 15 mph on the throttle, on level pavement, compute to 27 to 29 miles. Qiolor rates 40 miles on throttle alone.

Both riders should sit near the 5'1" to 5'9" Qiolor recommends, so find each of you in the fit tables, and then your state's passenger rule.

What this review covers

Specification · What it is · Fit · Motor · Battery · Range · Brakes and controls · Suspension and tires · Riding two-up · Passenger law · The Mercer fit test · UL · Recalls · Class · Green and red flags · Verdict · Checklist · Buying it from us · FAQ · Limitations · Bottom line · References

How we verified this Qiolor NOVA review

Every figure about the bike was read on November 7, 2026, at Qiolor's NOVA page, with its comparison chart, its dimension drawing and its product record, then recomputed. The price, our listing and our checkout were read from our store that day.

Range and fit come from models whose inputs are printed beside them; every passenger rule was read in its state's own code. The questions the page answers come from search suggestions, forum posts, the headings of 19 competing pages and an AI-search panel.

Because we sell the NOVA, give the red flags the same weight as the green. Part of our e-bike reviews.

Written by Milad Ghobadibeygvand, BScN (Western University, 2014). Corrections: support@redtailebikes.com.

The NOVA as Qiolor prints it

There is one NOVA, black, with a 48 V 15 Ah pack, at $1,599, and these are the figures that decide who it fits, how far it goes and how it carries two. Qiolor calls it "A bold, two-up cruiser made for city rides and everyday fun" (its NOVA page).

The NOVA from its drive side, Qiolor's own studio image from the NOVA listing, used whole. The bench runs nearly the length of the frame.

Qiolor's figures from its NOVA page, its comparison chart and its dimension table, and our price from our listing, read November 7, 2026; the watt-hours are arithmetic on Qiolor's own volts and amp-hours.

What the NOVA is: a two-seat electric bike with one bench

Pedals, a half-twist throttle and Class 2 speed under one long bench Qiolor rates for two riders: the NOVA sits lower than any Tiger's seat, on wider tires. Qiolor's homepage says it is "Built wider. Built to handle more.", and that "Wider tires, a thru-axle front end and four-piston braking bring a bolder feel to the Qiolor ride."

Shopping for an electric bike with a passenger seat, or a two-person e-bike? On the NOVA the passenger seat is the rear half of the bench, with no second saddle on a rack. The look is moped-style, low and long, and Qiolor's own word for it is "cruiser".

Qiolor's own image of the NOVA carrying a rear rack and a brown saddlebag, from the NOVA listing, used whole. Neither is listed with the bike, so ask us what fits before you plan on them.

Packs, drives, seats and heights from Qiolor's comparison chart on the NOVA page, prices from our store, both read November 7, 2026.

Against the Tiger Plus, Qiolor's other two-seater, the NOVA costs $900 less and carries 50 lb more, and it gives up gears and more than half the battery to get there. The Plus holds 1,680 Wh to the NOVA's 720 and shifts through seven speeds, and Qiolor's window for it reaches 6'6".

Pick the NOVA for short city rides with both of you near Qiolor's window; pick the Plus for distance or a taller rider.

One name to know before you search. Other makers sell a Nova too, Cyrusher among them, so search "Qiolor NOVA" and check the brand on any result. For the maker itself, see our Qiolor profile.

Will the NOVA fit you?

Qiolor's fixed 29.5-inch bench puts both feet flat for 34 of 100 riders at 5'1" and 97 of 100 at 5'5" in the US Army's ANSUR II survey, and at every height from 5'0" to 6'1" it sits closer to the crank axle than the 88.3%-of-inseam saddle setting, so the knee stays bent.

That 88.3% is LeMond's formula, measured from the crank axle; Hamley's 109%, measured from the pedal, gives the same saddle.

Qiolor recommends the NOVA for riders 5'1" to 5'9" (its comparison chart). The bench is low, long and fixed, a mini-bike stance. To see how it sits with you, three steps:

1. Measure your inseam without shoes: stand against a wall, press a hardback book up between your legs, and measure from the floor to its top edge.
2. Look up your height in the stop table and the bench table, then look up your passenger's for the feet.
3. Ride to your row: a bent knee when you pedal is how this bench is set, and the throttle does most of the work.

Qiolor's dimension drawing, from the NOVA page: D is the seat height and H the whole bench, and the two silhouettes mark Qiolor's height window.

The table that goes with it, from the same page, reproduced whole.

Will the bench give your knees a good pedaling position?

Measured from the crank axle, the NOVA's bench sits 6.2 to 12.5 inches closer than LeMond's 88.3% of inseam for the median rider at each height from 5'0" to 6'1", which keeps the knee well bent at the bottom of the stroke. Measuring from the crank axle keeps the table free of the crank length.

How to read it: LeMond puts the saddle top at 88.3% of inseam above the crank axle, and the NOVA's bench is 18.9 in from the crank axle to the middle of the bench on Qiolor's drawing. The last column counts, of 100 riders at each height, those whose LeMond figure reaches at least as far as the bench. Inseams span the 5th to 95th percentile of the US Army's ANSUR II bodies.

No crank length is published for the NOVA, so this table uses LeMond's 88.3%, measured from the crank axle, a point Qiolor's drawing locates. Hamley's 109% is measured from the pedal and waits for that figure (Peveler and colleagues, 2005).

Treat the NOVA as a throttle-first bike you can pedal, and our pedal-assist vs throttle guide sets the two ways of riding side by side.

Can you put your feet down at a stop?

Both soles reach the road from the bench when your barefoot inseam is 29.5 inches or more: 79 of 100 riders at 5'3" have one that long, and 97 of 100 at 5'5". At the bottom of Qiolor's window the share is smaller, 34 of 100 at 5'1".

Clearing means the barefoot inseam matches or beats the seat, sitting upright on a level bike, which puts both soles flat. The 29.5 in is Qiolor's printed figure, 30.2 in on its drawing. Inseams are the ANSUR II median at each height, barefoot, so shoes buy back the thickness of their soles.

Qiolor's J figure, a stand-over height of 10.5 in, is a frame height you step across, and J's arrow runs to the low tube beside the cranks. At a stop you reach down from the seat, so the table uses the seat's height; the low tube matters only when you swing a leg over to get on.

With two aboard, the rider in front is the one who holds the bike up at a stop, so use the front rider's row. Short of 29.5 inches, practice stopping on tiptoe or one foot in an empty lot, alone first, then with your passenger.

Will you feel cramped or stretched?

You sit upright with your elbows bent: every rider in the survey from 5'0" to 6'1" reaches the grips without leaning forward, and the median rider's elbow bend grows with height, from 55 degrees at 5'0" to 76 degrees at 6'1".

With a passenger behind you, the fit model moves you forward to the middle of the bench's front half, and the median rider's elbow bend rises to about 110 degrees at every height.

Sitting at the middle of the bench, 18.5 in behind the grip, as Qiolor's drawing places it, with the grip measured on the same drawing. Elbow bend: the angle at the elbow when you sit upright with your hands on the grips.

Those are tight elbows for a long ride two-up, so sit your passenger as far back as the bench allows. The bars at 43.3 inches are high for the seat, which is what keeps your back straight.

How much weight goes through your wrists?

Very little: with the back relaxed, the median rider's hands carry 5 to 6% of body weight on this upright bench, about 3 to 6 lb per hand, well under the 15% measured on road racers on the hoods (Carahalios, 2015). Two-up, the same model gives about 8%, about 5 to 8 lb per hand.

Sitting at the middle of the bench, back relaxed; the share in brackets is the range across sit positions and grip positions on the drawing. Weights are the ANSUR II median at each height. The figure is a ceiling, because your back carries part of the load.

How do you set up a fixed bench?

With the bench fixed, setup comes down to where along it you sit. The target to know is 25 to 35 degrees of knee bend at the bottom of the stroke, the range the cycling literature recommends as Peveler, Pounders and Bishop (2007) report it.

To check the bench against that range, try the heel method: seated, rest one heel on the pedal at the bottom of its turn and watch whether your leg goes straight. If it stays bent, the seat is low for pedaling by that method (Peveler and colleagues, 2005), and with the bench 6.2 to 12.5 inches inside LeMond's setting for the median rider, expect it to stay bent.

Sliding back along the bench opens the knee a little, so sit at the middle or behind it when you ride alone. Two-up, the front rider moves forward and the knee closes. Set the display's angle before you ride, and check the bars are tight.

How we computed fit

The model seats each of the 6,068 bodies measured in the US Army's ANSUR II survey on the NOVA's bench and grips, as Qiolor's dimension drawing locates them, and reports the result by height.

LeMond's setting puts the top of the saddle 88.3% of your inseam from the crank axle; Hamley's 109% is the same saddle measured from the pedal axle (Peveler and colleagues, 2005), where LeMond's method set 19 trained cyclists at 109.2 ± 0.9% of inseam.

The drawing's scale is Qiolor's C arrow, 546 px for the printed 42.4 in wheelbase, and the next table checks it against the other arrows.

Five of eight within 3.5%: A, H, D, J and G. B and E's arrow fall just short, and F's label reads 22.8 in over an arrow that measures 17.3 in; nothing in the model reads F.

A worked example: the median ANSUR II rider at 5'5" has a 31.0-inch inseam. LeMond's 88.3% puts a bicycle saddle 27.4 inches from the crank axle; the NOVA's bench sits 18.9 inches away, 8.5 inches closer. That inseam clears the 29.5-inch seat by 1.5 inches, enough for both feet flat at a stop.

Motor and throttle: 750 W rated, 85 N·m

Qiolor rates the NOVA's 48-volt rear hub at 750 W, with 1,200 W at peak and 85 N·m of torque, and its 48 V, 25 A controller multiplies out to the same 1,200 W. The peak is what you feel pulling away with a passenger aboard, and the rated figure is what the climb tables below hold to.

Qiolor's cutaway of its rear hub motor, from the "750W Brushless Power" panel on the NOVA page, used whole.

Qiolor's comparison chart lists a half-twist throttle, and the NOVA page names the pedal assist a "1:1 Intelligent Pedal Assistant System". There is one speed, so nothing to shift: the motor and the throttle set your pace, and your pedaling adds to it.

For speed, Qiolor's sentence is the authority: "All of our ebikes come out of the box as a Class II e-bike, equipped with pedal assist and throttle. The default maximum speed is set to 20 MPH, which can be adjusted according to user preferences." Keep the shipped 20 mph, and read your state's definition in the class section before you touch that setting.

Battery and charging: 48 V, 15 Ah, 720 Wh

The pack is 48 V and 15 Ah, 720 Wh by multiplication, and Qiolor gives about 7 hours for a full charge. At 18.16 cents a kilowatt-hour, the US residential average for August 2026 in the Energy Information Administration's monthly table, a full pack is about 13 cents of power before charger losses.

Qiolor's render from the "More Miles. Fewer Stops." panel on the NOVA page, drawing the cells inside the frame panel under the bench.

Over a year, 1,000 miles at 15 mph on the throttle comes to about $3.32 of electricity for a 180 lb rider before charger losses, from the 18.3 Wh a mile in the range section at the EIA's August 2026 average. Charging away from the bike, say upstairs? Ask us before ordering whether the pack comes off, and we will put Qiolor's answer in writing.

Range: 39 miles solo, 27 to 29 two-up, computed

For a 180 lb rider on level pavement at 77 °F on the throttle, the 720 Wh pack computes to 27 miles at 20 mph, 39 at 15 mph and 55 at 10 mph. With 330 lb aboard at 15 mph it computes to 27 to 29 miles, and keeping a quarter of the pack brings that to 21 or 22. Easy pedaling at 15 mph takes the solo ride from 39 miles to 63.

Three steps find your ride:

1. Find your speed and your pedaling in the first two tables.
2. Then take off for hills, a passenger and cold weather, each in its own table below.
3. Plan on the "With 25% kept" column, a working reserve for a pack you do not want to run flat.

Does riding faster cut range?

Speed decides the throttle range: going from 15 mph to 20 mph cuts 39 miles to 27, since the power spent on air grows with the cube of speed (Martin and colleagues, 1998). Ease off to 12 mph and the same charge reaches 49 miles.

Throttle only, for a 180 lb rider on the 95 lb NOVA, on level pavement in still air at 77 °F, with fat-tire rolling resistance at the median of ten measured; "Full charge" spends all 720 Wh and the last column leaves a quarter.

The same ride with your legs helping: 75 W is easy pedaling and 150 W steady pedaling, from 15 mph up. On the flat, 150 W of pedaling alone carries the bike to about 13 mph and 75 W to about 9, so these rows are where your legs and the motor share the load.

What gear saves battery?

The NOVA has one speed, so there is no gear to pick, and on a hub motor a gear would change your legs' cadence and leave the motor where it is. What saves battery is your own effort, and this table shows what the motor draws per mile with and without it.

Watt-hours per mile from the pack, 180 lb rider, 95 lb bike; 75 W is easy pedaling and 150 W steady pedaling.

Does going uphill drain it faster?

Yes, and more so with a passenger: on an 8% grade at the rated 750 W, a solo 180 lb rider holds 13.5 mph on the throttle and two riders at 330 lb hold 9.3 to 9.4. Each 1,000 feet of climbing at 8% and 10 mph adds about 303 Wh to the draw of the same ride on the flat, 42% of the pack.

The fastest steady speed by grade at the motor's rated 750 W and Qiolor's 85 N·m, capped at the printed 20 mph; 330 lb is both riders and their gear at the two-rider drag range, so its cells span the two figures, and "easy pedaling" is 75 W. A dash: the rated motor cannot hold even 1 mph there. Paved grade, 95 lb bike, 77 °F.

180 lb rider at a steady 10 mph on a paved grade, full charge; the 15% row is left out because the rated motor cannot hold 10 mph there.

Does rider weight affect range?

Yes: at 15 mph on the throttle the computed range falls from 39 miles at 180 lb to 31 at 330 lb and 26 at Qiolor's 450 lb maximum, before counting the air your passenger pushes. The next table adds that second rider's drag, the figures to plan two-up on.

Riders and cargo together, 95 lb bike, level pavement or a steady 8% grade, 77 °F, full pack, at the solo drag area. "Under 10 mph": the rated motor cannot hold 10 mph there, and the climb table above gives the speed it can.

A second rider also adds drag, so the two-up figures run lower still: 27 to 29 miles at 330 lb and 15 mph.

Racing tandems in a wind tunnel measured 0.338 and 0.285 m², and Dyer, Gumowski and Starczewski (2022) concluded that "the addition of a second rider and a larger bicycle does not seemingly scale up the resulting aerodynamic drag by a considerable value". Set against the middle of the solo ranges those authors cite, that is 13% and 24% more drag area, and the table runs both.

Two riders and their gear, full pack, throttle only, level pavement, 77 °F. Drag: the solo 0.640 m² raised 13% and 24%, racing-position ratios applied to an upright bench. For a working figure, keep a quarter: 21 or 22 miles at 330 lb and 15 mph.

So a passenger costs a little over a quarter of your range on the flat, 26 to 30% at 15 mph. One seller's guide puts the loss at 30 to 50%; on level pavement this model lands at or just under the low end of that, and on a climb the loss grows.

Does cold weather drain it?

Yes: at 32 °F the 15 mph ride computes to 31 miles, and at 14 °F to 28, as the cells give up energy, the air thickens and the tires roll a little harder. The brackets in the two coldest rows span published cell data, and they are wide.

180 lb rider at 15 mph on the throttle, level pavement, cells at air temperature. Pack energy from LG HG2 cell data, with the bracket from other published cells; Qiolor names no cell for the pack.

Do the tires cut range?

Yes, some: across ten measured fat tires the 15 mph ride runs from 36 to 47 miles, and the model uses the median, 39. Set the tires to the pressure on their sidewalls before you ride, and check it again before a ride two-up.

Rolling resistance measured by Bicycle Rolling Resistance on ten 26 × 4.00 fat tires at 12 psi; that list holds no measurement of the NOVA's 20 × 5.0 tire, so the model brackets it.

Is Qiolor's range real?

Both of Qiolor's figures map to a real ride: its 40 miles on throttle alone is about 14.8 mph for a 180 lb rider on level pavement, and its 70 miles is about 14.4 mph with easy pedaling. Qiolor says the figures are "experimental data obtained when using pedal assist only under PAS 1" and names the factors that move them: rider weight, assist level, throttle use, terrain, speed, weather and towing weight (its NOVA page).

The steady speed at which a 180 lb rider on level pavement at 77 °F draws Qiolor's figure from the full 720 Wh. A dash: the motor alone never gets that far at any speed the scan reached.

How the range figures are computed

Every figure here begins as wheel power, the rolling and air resistance of a steady ride from Martin and colleagues' validated cycling model; your pedaling comes off that, and what remains is divided by the motor's efficiency and then the pack's. Power at the wheel = v·[m·g·(Crr·cos θ + sin θ) + ½·ρ·CdA·v²].

The motor's no-load and rated speeds come from the comparable hub's published curve, the input Limitations item 3 explains.

The 15 mph row, worked step by step: a 180 lb rider on the 95 lb NOVA is 275 lb, or 124.7 kg. At a steady 15 mph on the flat the tires take 86.5 W and the air 114.2 W, so the wheel needs 200.7 W.

The motor runs at 75.9% there, which asks 264.5 W of the pack, and the pack, at 96.5%, draws 274.2 W from its cells. Per mile that is 18.3 Wh: 39.4 miles from 720 Wh, or 29.5 if a quarter stays in the pack.

The model reproduces the worked example in Martin and colleagues' paper, 45.7 W of rolling and climbing and 158.8 W of air, before it is used on the NOVA.

Brakes, lights and controls

Four-piston hydraulic calipers sit at both wheels, on a 203 mm front rotor and a 180 mm rear rotor, which Qiolor describes as "balanced control and dependable stopping power throughout your ride". With up to 545 lb moving, 450 of load plus the bike's own 95, those calipers have real work to do.

The rear brake and hub in Qiolor's close-up from the NOVA page, used whole.

The lights are built in: a 340 ± 30 lumen LED front light with a horn, a rear light that brightens under braking, and turn signals, all on Qiolor's Electronics block. With a passenger aboard, signal early and leave yourself room to stop.

The "Full-Color Adjustable Display" in Qiolor's close-up from the NOVA page; the screen shows every segment lit, with SPORT, DYNAMIC and E-SAVE labels.

Suspension, tires and the ride

Two hydraulic rear shocks and an EXSHO aluminum alloy suspension fork put the NOVA on Qiolor's chart as "Full Suspension", and the 20-inch fat tires are 5.0 inches wide, the widest on any Qiolor we sell. Qiolor says the shocks "help reduce impacts from uneven surfaces" and the tires "create a broad, stable footprint".

The 20 × 5.0 front tire and fork in Qiolor's close-up from the NOVA page, used whole.

A rear shock in Qiolor's close-up from the "Dual Hydraulic Rear Shocks" panel on the NOVA page, cropped from its wider frame.

Qiolor also rates the bike to what it calls "the IP5-rated standard" and asks you to "avoid prolonged or intentional immersion in water" and to skip pressure washers (its class footnote). For how much a wide tire changes the ride, our fat-tire comparison puts numbers on it.

Riding two-up: the bench, the load and the 450 lb rating

Qiolor builds the NOVA for two: "The extended bench-style seat offers room for up to two riders, giving you the flexibility to ride solo or share the seat while staying within the 450 lb load limit" (its page). The bench is 33.2 inches long, and the Army's bodies say that is room enough: two median men sit 19.8 inches deep front to back, leaving 13.4.

The bench in Qiolor's close-up from the NOVA page, used whole.

Abdominal extension depth, sitting, from the US Army's ANSUR II survey: 4,082 men and 1,986 women, two riders' depths added together. A length check, never a comfort rating.

Set the load before the passenger. Qiolor's word is "Payload", and it lists the bike's 95 lb apart as "Net Weight", so this page counts riders and cargo against the 450 lb. A 180 lb rider and a 150 lb passenger are 330 lb, leaving 120 lb for bags; two 225 lb riders reach the limit with nothing else aboard.

Where your passenger's feet go is the question to settle before you order. Qiolor's Tiger Plus comes with "rear passenger footrests included" (its page). Email us who rides behind you and we will put the NOVA's answer in writing, or read our Tiger Plus review if folding footrests decide it for you.

The numbers show what a passenger changes: at 15 mph the range falls from 39 miles to 27 to 29, and on an 8% grade the rated motor holds 9.3 to 9.4 mph with two aboard against 13.5 alone (range). Who must wear a helmet is a state question, answered for each in our state-by-state law guide, and Qiolor's helmet sells here for $82.80.

Carrying a passenger: what your state's code says

Of the 29 jurisdictions whose e-bike definitions take in the NOVA on Qiolor's figures, 23 count riders against what the bike is designed or equipped to carry, in three wordings, 3 ask for a seat for the passenger, and 3 set no count in the sections read. Each rule below was read in the jurisdiction's own text and re-checked against its deposit on November 7, 2026.

Qiolor's page lists the NOVA's seat as "2 riders" and calls it an "Extra-Long Seat for Two". Whether one shared bench satisfies a state's words is for that state to say; here is each one's wording:

Each rule read in the jurisdiction's official text between August and October 2026 and re-checked against its deposit on November 7; the current text of Georgia's and New Mexico's was read in a FindLaw copy of the code. New Mexico counts an e-bike as a "bicycle" for its child helmet act only, in the sections read, which leaves open whether its passenger rule reaches the NOVA.

Three states ask for a seat, each in its own words, and the NOVA gives its passenger the rear of a single bench. In California, § 21204(b) puts a passenger "upon or astride a separate seat attached thereto". Massachusetts wants "a permanent and regular seat attached to the bicycle" (c. 85, § 11B). Maryland's rule, § 21-1203(b), asks for a bicycle "designed for and equipped with a seat securely attached to it for each passenger".

California widens its rule on January 1, 2027: AB 1614, Chapter 40 of the 2026 statutes, applies § 21204's seat rules on "a highway or a Class I bikeway", where until then they apply on a highway.

Riders in those three states should weigh that wording against Qiolor's own account of a two-rider bench before taking a passenger; our California page, Massachusetts page and Maryland page carry the rest of each state's rules.

Breaking a passenger rule has a price in some states: in Oregon, carrying more people than a bicycle "is designed or safely equipped" for is a Class D traffic violation (ORS § 814.460).

Kids ride under their own rules. Eleven of the 29 write in how a young child may ride:

From the passenger-law census of the 29 jurisdictions, re-checked November 7, 2026.

In North Carolina, § 20-171.9 requires a helmet under 16, wants a passenger under 16 "properly seated alone on a saddle seat", and one under 40 pounds or 40 inches in "a restraining seat"; the parent or guardian who breaks it commits an infraction carrying a civil fine of up to $10.

Its rules are written for the "human-powered vehicle" that § 20-171.8 calls a bicycle; with a child aboard, the safe course is to follow them anyway.

The Mercer fit test

This review measures the bike against the seven people of our editorial cast, the Mercers and the Kowalskis, and reads each verdict from published numbers and the fit model. For the NOVA, Qiolor's height window and the passenger decide it, and the table reads both.

Ages from the Mercers' profile, heights as each member is cast; flat-footed shares from the fit model on ANSUR II bodies; Qiolor's window and load from its NOVA page.

Good for Ruth, a stretch for Jack. At 5'5", 97 of 100 riders sit flat-footed inside Qiolor's window; at 6'1", all of them do too, but he stands four inches over that window and the bench sits 12.5 inches closer than his LeMond setting. The Qiolor two-seater for him is the Tiger Plus, listed to 6'6".

Is the Qiolor NOVA UL certified?

For a building, landlord or city that needs certification on paper, write to us before ordering and we will put the request to Qiolor. What Qiolor's NOVA page prints is a water rating, "the IP5-rated standard" for the bike (its page).

For fire safety, UL Solutions certifies e-bikes to UL 2849 "by examining the electrical drive train, battery, and charger system combinations in e-bikes", so a certificate names the model and the standard together; ask for it by the name NOVA.

Has the Qiolor NOVA been recalled?

No. On November 7, 2026, no recall and no public safety warning in the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's records named Qiolor, VTUVIA or the NOVA. The read covered all 10,082 recall records, all 382 public safety warnings and the commission's recall feed.

Read through the CPSC's own recall service and files on November 7, 2026. The one recall with "Nova" beside a bicycle word is number 23211, Jetson's Nova and Star children's kick scooters, another maker's product.

Is the NOVA street legal? Class 2 at 20 mph

Set as Qiolor ships it, a 750 W Class 2 e-bike stopping its motor at 20 mph, the NOVA sits inside the e-bike definition in 29 jurisdictions and outside it in 20, where the statute reads "less than" or "fewer than" 750 watts or sets its own throttle rule; Alaska and Kentucky have no definition. Outside a definition, the NOVA is whatever other vehicle that state's code describes, and that state's rules follow from it.

The screen ran Qiolor's published figures, 750 watts, 20 mph, a throttle and 95 lb, against each jurisdiction's own definition, read in its code:

Each state's definition and boundary word from the 51-jurisdiction rule table, screened November 7, 2026, on Qiolor's printed figures.

The screen runs the 20 mph setting Qiolor ships. Qiolor's note that the default "can be adjusted according to user preferences" leaves that choice with you; for each state's definition, helmet rules and age limits, see our state-by-state law guide. Pennsylvania's definition also asks for "a vehicle weighing not more than 100 pounds", and Qiolor's 95 lb clears it.

New Jersey stands apart. Since January 19, 2026, P.L.2025, c.285 has made a bike whose motor can move it without pedaling a "motorized bicycle", and our New Jersey page walks through the registration, license and insurance that follow. For trails and federal land, which set their own rules, read our public-land guide.

Green flags / Red flags

What the NOVA does well, in Qiolor's figures and our model's, and the riders it suits less well, each with the page or the section that serves them better.

Green flags

• Rated for 450 lb, the highest load of the five Qiolors we sell: two riders, or one heavy rider with bags, on a bench built for two (two-up).
• $900 less than the Tiger Plus, Qiolor's other two-seater, at $1,599 (what it is).
• Four-piston hydraulic brakes with a 203 mm front rotor (brakes).
• A low 29.5-inch bench. 97 of 100 riders at 5'5" sit flat-footed (fit).
• Full suspension and 5-inch tires on a bike with nothing to shift (suspension).
• Ships as a Class 2 at 20 mph, which puts it inside 29 jurisdictions' e-bike definitions on Qiolor's figures (class).
• No CPSC recall or warning names Qiolor or the NOVA, read November 7, 2026 (recalls).

Red flags

• A rider over 5'9". Qiolor's window stops there, and the knee bends further with every inch. The Tiger Plus is listed to 6'6" and also seats two.
• Long rides two-up. Before the second rider's drag, 330 lb at 15 mph computes to 31 miles here and 78 on the Plus's 1,680 Wh pack (its review).
• Steep hills two-up. On a 10% grade with 330 lb aboard the rated motor holds 7.8 mph. Find your grade in the climb table, and email us your route.
• Pedaling for exercise. The bench sits 6.2 to 12.5 inches closer than the LeMond setting for the median rider. Our pedal-assist vs throttle guide compares the two ways of riding across 21 bikes.
• Stairs, a car rack or a small closet. The NOVA weighs 95 lb. For a two-seater that folds, read our VTUVIA SF20H review.
• Riding two-up in California, Massachusetts or Maryland. Each asks for a seat in its own words, quoted in passenger; read yours first.

Buy it if / Buy something else if

Buy the NOVA if you want the lowest-priced way into a Qiolor two-seater for short rides with a partner, both of you sit near Qiolor's 5'1" to 5'9", and you ride mostly on the throttle. It computes to 39 miles at 15 mph solo and 27 to 29 two-up, on about $3.32 a year in electricity for 1,000 miles, before charger losses.

Choose another bike if you stand over 5'9" or ride further two-up (the Tiger Plus), you ride alone and want the lowest Qiolor price (the Tiger JR), or the bike has to fold or climb stairs (the VTUVIA SF20H). Undecided? Email us your heights, your load and your route, and we will say plainly which bike fits, the NOVA or another.

Before you buy: the checklist

Seven checks before you order a NOVA, in the order they come up: your height, your load, your passenger's feet, your state, your hills, where it lives and the first job on delivery.

1. Measure both inseams and find your rows in the stop table.
2. Add up both riders and any cargo against 450 lb.
3. Ask what your passenger's feet rest on, and read the two-up section.
4. Look up your state in passenger for the passenger wording, and on your state's page for helmet ages.
5. Find your steepest hill in the climb table and read the two-up column.
6. Allow for 95 lb at every door and step, and pick an indoor charging spot clear of anything flammable, for about 7 hours from empty.
7. On delivery, check the bars and both axles for play and set the tires to the pressure on their sidewalls before the first ride, and again before the first ride two-up.

Buying it from us

We sell the NOVA at Qiolor's own US price, read November 7, 2026, and the table lists what comes with buying it here. Qiolor's warranty runs 5 years on the frame and 1 year, prorated, on the battery, and a claim starts with an email to us; we open it with Qiolor.

Each term quoted from the page that states it, as published on November 7, 2026; the payment row read from our checkout.

A change of mind is covered by our refund policy if you ask within 72 hours of delivery and the bike is unopened in its factory-sealed packaging; the return costs a 15% restocking fee plus return shipping, and canceling an order costs a 3% transaction fee.

Frequently asked questions

Is the Qiolor NOVA a good electric bike?

It suits two riders near Qiolor's 5'1" to 5'9" window on short rides at $1,599, with four-piston brakes and a 450 lb rating. Two-up it computes to 27 to 29 miles at 15 mph on the throttle, so it is a city bike, and taller or longer-range riders are better served by the Tiger Plus.

Can two adults ride on one electric bike legally?

In the 29 jurisdictions whose e-bike definitions take in the NOVA, 23 count riders against what the bike is designed or equipped to carry, and Qiolor rates its bench for two riders. Three states, California, Massachusetts and Maryland, want a seat for the passenger, each worded its own way; your state's row is in passenger.

Do both riders need to wear helmets on a two seater electric bike?

It depends on your state and your ages, and the rule can reach a passenger as well as the rider. Each state's helmet ages are in our state-by-state law guide; our advice is a helmet on both heads regardless.

Do I need a special license to ride a two-seater electric bike?

That is your state's e-bike rule, and a second seat does not change the NOVA's class. The class section places the NOVA in or out of each state's definition, license rules by state are in our state-by-state law guide, and New Jersey adds registration, a license and insurance.

How far can a 2 seat electric bike travel on one charge?

The NOVA computes to 27 to 29 miles with 330 lb aboard at 15 mph on the throttle, on level pavement at 77 °F, and 21 or 22 with a quarter of the pack kept. At 20 mph that falls to 19 to 21. Alone, a 180 lb rider computes to 39 miles at 15 mph.

How much does passenger weight affect battery range on electric bikes?

On the NOVA, a little over a quarter on the flat: 26 to 30% at 15 mph on the throttle, going from a 180 lb rider to 330 lb aboard, with the second rider's drag counted (Dyer, Gumowski and Starczewski, 2022). On a climb the loss is larger, because the motor lifts the extra weight too (the climb table).

What is the recommended weight limit for two riders?

Qiolor rates the NOVA's weight capacity at 450 lb of riders and cargo, a "450 lb Payload", with the bike's own 95 lb listed apart. So two 225 lb riders reach the limit with nothing else aboard, and a 180 lb rider and a 150 lb passenger leave 120 lb for bags.

Motor power: how much do you need for two riders?

The NOVA's 750 W rated motor, with 1,200 W at peak and 85 N·m (Qiolor's figures), holds 20 mph on the flat with 330 lb aboard and 9.3 to 9.4 mph on an 8% grade. On a 15% grade two-up the rated motor needs your legs, so read the climb table against your route.

What height rider fits the Qiolor NOVA?

Qiolor recommends 5'1" to 5'9". At 5'3" with a 30.1-inch inseam, the median rider clears the 29.5-inch bench, and 79 of 100 riders at that height sit flat-footed in the ANSUR II survey; at 5'1" it is 34 of 100. The bench cannot be raised, so expect a bent knee when you pedal.

How fast does the Qiolor NOVA go?

Qiolor sets it to 20 mph out of the box and calls that Class II. Its page adds that the default "can be adjusted according to user preferences". Ride it as it ships and check your state's line first, in the class section.

Is the Qiolor NOVA street legal?

As Qiolor ships it, a 750 W Class 2 e-bike stopping at 20 mph, it sits inside the e-bike definition in 29 jurisdictions and outside it in 20; Alaska and Kentucky have no definition. Find your state in the class section.

Qiolor NOVA vs Tiger Plus: which two-seat e-bike should I buy?

Buy the NOVA for short rides at $1,599, a 450 lb rating and riders 5'1" to 5'9". Buy the Tiger Plus at $2,499 for its 1,680 Wh pack, seven speeds, folding passenger footrests and a window that reaches 6'6".

Are 2 seat electric bikes safe for everyday use?

That rests on the load, the brakes and how you ride, and we give no safety rating. On the NOVA, keep riders and cargo within 450 lb, wear helmets, practice stopping together in an empty lot, and read your state's passenger rule before your first ride two-up.

What safety features are most important in a two seater electric bike?

A load rating that covers both of you, strong brakes, lights and turn signals, and a place for your passenger's feet. The NOVA carries 450 lb, four-piston hydraulic brakes and built-in signals; ask us about the footrests before you order (two-up).

How much does the Qiolor NOVA weigh?

Qiolor lists a net weight of 95 lb, 8 lb more than its Tiger RL and 5 lb more than its Tiger Plus. Plan for that through doors and up steps; the VTUVIA SF20H is a two-seat bike that folds.

Limitations of this review

The figures on this page come from named sources or from models that print their inputs, and both kinds have edges. These are the edges that matter for the NOVA.

1. We sell the NOVA. Check any source yourself: each one is linked.
2. The range model rides at one steady speed, without stops or wind, on level pavement or one constant grade per row.
3. The motor's losses are a comparable motor's. With only rated power, torque and peak on Qiolor's page for the NOVA motor, the model borrows a comparable hub motor's curve at 80% efficiency.
4. The tires were not measured in this size. Ten 26 × 4.00 fat tires, measured on a drum at 12 psi, set the bracket for rolling resistance.
5. The cold rows assume the cells sit at air temperature, read one cell type's data and bracket it with others, since the pack's cell is not named.
6. The quarter kept in reserve comes from a measured pedelec, which used 75% of its nominal pack; Qiolor prints no reserve figure.
7. The second rider's drag comes from racing tandems, set against the middle of the solo ranges their authors cite; we found no measurement of two upright riders on a bench like this one, so the two-up rows are a bracket.
8. We found no measured ride to empty for the NOVA, solo or two-up, so the model's only cross-check is the mapping to Qiolor's own two figures.
9. The fit model's 6,068 bodies are soldiers, measured for the Army's ANSUR II survey, so the general public may differ.
10. The pedaling formula is a starting point. 88.3% of inseam from the crank axle sets a saddle for pedaling, and the NOVA's bench is fixed well below it.
11. The hand loads assume a fully relaxed back, so they are an upper bound; a working back takes some of it.
12. The sit points are ours. Qiolor's H arrow spans the whole bench, so the model places a solo rider at its middle and a front rider at the middle of its front half, with brackets across each.
13. The grip and the crank axle were measured on Qiolor's dimension drawing, and no crank length is printed for the NOVA, so the pedal-based 109% is not placed. Its handlebar and wheel arrows read 4.1% and 3.9% short of their labels, and the arrow under the label Chainstay Length, 22.8 in, measures 17.3 in; the table prints each.
14. The bench table is a length check. It adds two seated depths and says nothing of comfort, knees or feet.
15. Qiolor's chart and table print two lengths, 65 and 65.9 in; both are shown.
16. The manual comes in the box. Qiolor's warranty page says each product ships with its manual, and no NOVA manual is posted online: on November 8, 2026, we read Qiolor's site and file store, archived copies of the NOVA page and the manual archives. The NOVA page names no passenger footrests and no removable pack, and its images show none behind the crank. We will take any of these questions to Qiolor for you.
17. No certification document was retrieved for this page. We will request one from Qiolor for you if a building, landlord or city needs it.
18. Each passenger rule comes from the jurisdiction's own text, read between August and October 2026, except Georgia's and New Mexico's current text, read in a FindLaw copy of the code; whether New Mexico's and North Carolina's rules reach e-bikes is open in the sections read.
19. What we read on November 7, 2026, can change: prices, the checkout and our policies.

The bottom line

The NOVA is Qiolor's lower-priced two-seater: a 33.2-inch bench, four-piston brakes, 5-inch tires and a 450 lb rating for $1,599. It computes to 39 miles at 15 mph solo and 27 to 29 two-up, about $3.32 a year in electricity for 1,000 miles before charger losses.

Buy it to ride with someone across town, on the throttle, if you both sit near 5'1" to 5'9". Taller riders and long-distance pairs will be happier on the Tiger Plus.

Image credit: the cover's machine is Qiolor's own studio image of the black NOVA, its pixels unchanged, set in a studio generated on Playcut (playcut.ai) by Nano Banana Pro at 2K for another of our reviews; below the cover, each image is Qiolor's own file from its NOVA listing and page.

Source register

Each document behind this review, with the tier of its publisher (T1 government records, T2 the maker's own documents, our own policies and the studies, T3 a standards body and an online journal, T4 accounts quoted as their authors'), what it supports here and the day we read it.

Expiry conditions

Re-read this review when Qiolor changes the NOVA's page, price, specifications or warranty, when the CPSC lists a recall or a warning naming Qiolor, when a state in the screen changes its e-bike definition or its passenger rule, and in any case by November 7, 2027.

References

The same documents, numbered for citation: the publisher, the title, the passage this review relies on, the day it was read and the full web address.

1. U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, 2012 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel (ANSUR II), public data release 2017. US Army ANSUR II survey, 6,068 bodies (4,082 men, 1,986 women): the inseams, arm and torso lengths, weights and seated abdominal depths behind the fit tables, the bench table, the Mercer rows and the 5'5" worked rider. Retrieved September 26, 2026. https://www.army.mil/article/188601/for_good_measure_natick_releases_raw_data_from_army_wide_anthropometric_survey
2. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online (American Society of Exercise Physiologists), Peveler W, Bishop P, Smith J, Richardson M, Whitehorn E. Comparing Methods For Setting Saddle Height In Trained Cyclists. JEPonline 8(1):51-55. Peveler et al. (2005): Hamley's 109% of inseam from the pedal, LeMond's 88.3% from the crank axle and the heel method compared; LeMond's method set 19 trained cyclists at 109.2 +/- 0.9% of inseam from the pedal. Retrieved September 26, 2026. https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/JEPonlineFEBRUARY2005_PevelerSaddle.doc
3. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (NSCA), Peveler, Pounders & Bishop, Effects of saddle height on anaerobic power production in cycling, JSCR 21(4):1023-7. Peveler, Pounders and Bishop (2007): the 25 to 35 degree knee angle at the bottom of the stroke that the cycling literature recommends. Retrieved September 25, 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18076230/
4. University of Colorado Boulder (MS thesis), Carahalios A. An Analysis of the Bicycle-Rider Interface Forces in Stationary Road Cycling (MS thesis, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado). Carahalios (2015): about 15% of body weight on the hoods in stationary road cycling, the reference beside the page's hand-load figures. Retrieved September 25, 2026. https://scholar.colorado.edu/downloads/70795789x
5. Bafang, OEM Workbook 2021. Bafang's OEM workbook (2021): the comparable 48 V hub motor's published curve, the source of the model's motor speeds and efficiency. Retrieved October 3, 2026. https://www.bafang-e.com/Uploaded/Labels/BAFANG%20Workbook%20OEM%202021.pdf
6. Bicycle Rolling Resistance (Jarno Bierman), Fat Bike Tires Test Results. Bicycle Rolling Resistance: ten 26 x 4.00 fat tires measured on a drum at 12 psi, the bracket for the NOVA's unmeasured 20 x 5.0 tire. Retrieved September 25, 2026. https://www.bicyclerollingresistance.com/fat-bike-reviews
7. Journal of Applied Biomechanics (Human Kinetics), Validation of a Mathematical Model for Road Cycling Power (Martin JC, Milliken DL, Cobb JE, McFadden KL, Coggan AR), J Appl Biomech 14(3):276-291. Martin et al. (1998): the validated power model every range figure starts from, and the worked example the model reproduces. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/dl_files/b4/8e/b48ef26086091662c561e673d7bd990d77868437.pdf
8. Journal of Sports Sciences (Taylor & Francis), Physical characteristics and resistance parameters of typical urban cyclists (Tengattini S, Bigazzi AY). Tengattini and Bigazzi (2018): drag area 0.640 m2 for riders of upright cruiser bicycles, the one-rider figure in the model. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://civil-reactlab.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2022/11/Tengattini_2018_Physical-characteristics-and-resistance-parameters-of-typical-urban-cyclists.pdf
9. World Electric Vehicle Journal (MDPI), Arango I, Lopez C, Ceren A. Improving the Autonomy of a Mid-Drive Motor Electric Bicycle Based on System Efficiency Maps and Its Performance. Arango, Lopez and Ceren (2021): battery efficiency measured on a 48 V, 11.4 Ah pack. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/wevj/wevj-12-00059/article_deploy/wevj-12-00059.pdf
10. IEEE / EPE'19 ECCE Europe (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology authors), Schmitt M, Decker S, Doppelbauer M. Measuring and Characterization of a Pedal Electric Cycle (Pedelec) on a Full System Test-Bench. Schmitt, Decker and Doppelbauer (2019): a measured pedelec used 75% of its nominal pack, the page's planning reserve of a quarter. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000100371/50695920
11. McMaster University (Kollmeyer et al.), Mendeley Data, LG 18650HG2 Li-ion Battery Data. Kollmeyer's LG HG2 cell data: energy by temperature, the model's cold rows. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://doi.org/10.17632/b5mj79w5w9.2
12. NOAA, NASA, US Air Force, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (NOAA-S/T 76-1562; NASA TM-X-74335). US Standard Atmosphere (1976): air density, 1.184 kg/m3 at 77 F. Retrieved October 4, 2026. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19770009539/downloads/19770009539.pdf
13. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.A. Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector. US EIA Electric Power Monthly Table 5.6.A: residential electricity averaged 18.16 cents per kWh in August 2026, the cost of a full 720 Wh charge (about 13 cents) and of 1,000 miles a year ($3.32), both before charger losses. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_06_a
14. UL Solutions, E-Bikes Certification: Evaluating and Testing to UL 2849. UL Solutions: UL 2849 fire safety certification 'by examining the electrical drive train, battery, and charger system combinations in e-bikes'. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.ul.com/services/e-bikes-certificationevaluating-and-testing-ul-2849
15. US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Recall database (saferproducts.gov REST API). CPSC recall service, all 10,082 records read November 7, 2026, newest dated November 5, 2026: none names Qiolor, VTUVIA or the Qiolor NOVA. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.saferproducts.gov/RestWebServices/Recall
16. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Product Safety Warning listing (CSV). CPSC product safety warnings, all 382 rows read November 7, 2026: none names Qiolor, VTUVIA or the NOVA. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/recall-data/product_safety_warning_listing.csv
17. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Recalls RSS feed. CPSC recall feed, 40 items, October 8 to November 5, 2026: none names Qiolor, VTUVIA or the NOVA. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/CPSC-RSS-Feed/Recalls-RSS
18. New Jersey Legislature, P.L.2025, c.285. New Jersey P.L.2025, c.285, in force January 19, 2026: a bike whose motor can propel it without pedaling is a motorized bicycle there. Retrieved November 6, 2026. https://pub.njleg.gov/Bills/2024/PL25/285_.HTM
19. California Legislature, California Vehicle Code § 21204. Cal. Veh. Code § 21204(b): a passenger rides 'upon or astride a separate seat attached thereto'; the child rule in the table. Retrieved November 2, 2026. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=21204.
20. State of California, AB 1614 (Stats. 2026, ch. 40), chaptered 2026-06-30. California AB 1614, Chapter 40, Statutes of 2026: § 21204's seat rules apply on 'a highway or a Class I bikeway' from January 1, 2027. Retrieved October 25, 2026. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1614
21. Massachusetts General Court, General Laws, Part I, Title XIV, Chapter 85, Section 11B. Mass. Gen. Laws c. 85, § 11B: 'a permanent and regular seat attached to the bicycle'; the child rules in the table. Retrieved October 29, 2026. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXIV/Chapter85/Section11B
22. Maryland General Assembly, Maryland Transportation § 21-1203. Md. Transp. § 21-1203(b): a bicycle 'designed for and equipped with a seat securely attached to it for each passenger'. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gtr&section=21-1203&enactments=false
23. Oregon Legislative Assembly (Oregon Revised Statutes, 2025 edition), ORS Chapter 814, Traffic Regulations. ORS § 814.460: carrying more people than a bicycle 'is designed or safely equipped' for is a Class D traffic violation. Retrieved October 27, 2026. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors814.html
24. Minnesota Revisor of Statutes, Minn. Stat. § 169.222, subd. 6a(e). Minn. Stat. § 169.222: an adult may carry a child in a trailer or a securely attached child seat. Retrieved October 28, 2026. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/169.222
25. Pennsylvania General Assembly, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3504 — Riding on pedalcycles. 75 Pa.C.S. § 3504(b): a child 'in a pedalcycle child carrier which is securely attached' or a trailer. Retrieved October 2, 2026. https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/PDF/75/00.035.004.000..PDF
26. Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 31-19-4. R.I. Gen. Laws § 31-19-4: a child six or younger in 'a rear-mounted bicycle carrier and/or trailer'. Retrieved October 16, 2026. https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE31/31-19/31-19-4.htm
27. Virginia General Assembly, Code of Virginia § 46.2-906. Va. Code § 46.2-906: a child under six in a seat or trailer designed for children. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter9/section46.2-906/
28. Wisconsin Legislature, Wis. Stat. § 346.79. Wis. Stat. § 346.79: a child in an auxiliary child's seat or trailer, on a bicycle built for the operator alone. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/346.79
29. Georgia General Assembly, House Bill 101 (Senate substitute as passed), 2011-2012 session. Ga. Code § 40-6-292(c)-(d), as enacted in 2011: a child's seat, trailer or sling by age. Retrieved October 2, 2026. https://www.legis.ga.gov/api/legislation/document/20112012/115917
30. Delaware General Assembly, 21 Del. C. § 4194. 21 Del. C. § 4194(a): a child carried on the adult in a backpack or sling. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://delcode.delaware.gov/title21/c041/sc12/index.html
31. Utah State Legislature, Utah Code § 41-6a-1103. Utah Code § 41-6a-1103: a child carried on the adult in a backpack or sling. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter6A/C41-6a-S1103_1800010118000101.html
32. Connecticut General Assembly, Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-286b. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-286b(d): a rider 18 or older may carry a child under four in a back pack or sling. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_248.htm#sec_14-286b
33. North Carolina General Assembly, N.C.G.S. § 20-171.8 — Definitions. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-171.8: the 'human-powered vehicle' the state's bicycle rules are written for. Retrieved October 1, 2026. https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-171.8.html
34. North Carolina General Assembly, N.C.G.S. § 20-171.9, Requirements for helmet and restraining seat use. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-171.9: a helmet under 16, a passenger under 16 'properly seated alone on a saddle seat', a civil fine of up to $10. Retrieved October 24, 2026. https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-171.9.html
35. Redtail eBikes, Terms of service. Our terms of service: the Florida corporation doing business as Redtail Ebikes. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://redtailebikes.com/policies/terms-of-service
36. Redtail eBikes, Contact. Our contact page: 'We typically respond to email within one business day'. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://redtailebikes.com/pages/contact
37. Redtail eBikes, Shipping policy. Our shipping policy: free shipping 'within the contiguous United States', dispatch and transit windows. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://redtailebikes.com/policies/shipping-policy
38. Redtail eBikes, Refund policy. Our refund policy: damage reported 'within 48 hours with photos', defects under manufacturer warranty, the 72-hour change-of-mind window, the 15% restocking fee and the 3% cancellation fee. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://redtailebikes.com/policies/refund-policy
39. Qiolor (qiolor.com), Warranty Policy and Replacement Procedures — qiolor.com. Qiolor's warranty page: the frame 5 years, the battery 1 year prorated, and 'the manual(s) provided with each product'. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://qiolor.com/pages/warranty
40. Qiolor (qiolor.com), NOVA Electric Bike — qiolor.com. Qiolor's NOVA listing: the specification table, the comparison chart, the dimension table and drawing, the class and range footnotes, and Qiolor's price. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://qiolor.com/products/nova-electric-bike
41. Qiolor (qiolor.com), QIOLOR homepage. Qiolor's homepage block for the NOVA: 'Built wider. Built to handle more.' and 'Wider tires, a thru-axle front end and four-piston braking bring a bolder feel to the Qiolor ride.' Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://qiolor.com/
42. Qiolor (qiolor.com), TIGER PLUS Full Suspension Electric Bike — qiolor.com. Qiolor's Tiger Plus page: 'Extended seat + rear passenger footrests included'. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://qiolor.com/products/tiger-plus-full-suspension-ebike
43. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P (accepted manuscript, Bournemouth University Research Online), The aerodynamic assessment of tandem cyclists in preparation for the 2021 Paralympic Games: A case study. Dyer, Gumowski and Starczewski (2022): racing tandems at 0.338 and 0.285 m2 in a wind tunnel, the solo ranges the paper cites, and 'the addition of a second rider and a larger bicycle does not seemingly scale up the resulting aerodynamic drag by a considerable value'; the model's two-rider drag bracket. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/36849/
44. Leoguar Bikes (a seller's blog), Electric Bike for 2 Adults: Safety Guide & Best Models. A seller's guide: 'Adding a passenger typically reduces your e-bike's range by 30-50%', the figure the page sets its computed 26 to 30% beside. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://leoguarbikes.com/blogs/news/electric-bike-2-adults-safety-guide
45. Cyrusher, Cyrusher Nova Step-Through City E-Bike. Another maker's Nova: Cyrusher's Nova step-through, a different bike, the reason the page says to search the full name. Retrieved November 7, 2026. https://www.cyrusher.co.uk/products/nova