Addmotor Grandtan Turbo Review: 1,000 W Mid-Drive Trike

Mid-drive fat-tire trike · 1,000 W Bafang M620, 160 N·m, torque sensor, throttle · seven Shimano gears · 48 V 20 Ah Samsung pack, 960 Wh · rear differential · a disc brake on each wheel and a parking brake · 118 lb · 20 mph · Neptune Blue, Army Green or Starry Blue · $3,399 · verified September 28, 2026

Quick Answer — Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo is a $3,399 fat-tire trike with a 1,000 W Bafang M620 mid-drive, 160 N·m, seven gears, a differential and a 960 Wh pack. At 12 mph on level pavement, throttle only, one charge computes to about 59 miles for a 180 lb rider, and 41 with 450 lb aboard.

At 20 mph that level, throttle-only ride comes to about 37 miles, while easy pedaling at 12 mph stretches it to 108. Addmotor's page prints 85 miles, and 90 on its lowest assist level; the range tables turn your speed, gear, load and hills into miles.

Settle two things before you order. First the saddle: the fit section sets your inseam against the 32.5 to 39-inch seat range Addmotor prints, and against the narrower range its own photograph pictures. Then your state: Addmotor rates the motor at 1,000 W, and the class section shows the Turbo inside the e-bike definition in the District of Columbia and Oregon and outside it in 47 jurisdictions.

What this review covers

The specification · What the Turbo is · The motor and gears · Fit · The battery · Range · Carrying · Brakes and lights · Weight and storage · The Mercer fit test · Recalls · Class · Trails · Green flags and red flags · The verdict · Checklist · Buying it from us · FAQ · Limitations · The bottom line · References

How we verified this Addmotor Grandtan Turbo review

Each figure was read on September 28, 2026 from Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo page and its four specification tabs, its size drawing, its studio photograph, the trike's question board, Addmotor's posts about the Turbo, our listing and the statutes quoted in the class section. Range and fit are computed from published physics and body data with every input named, and the frame is measured on Addmotor's photograph at a scale checked against its printed dimensions.

This is a specification-verified review: its numbers come from Addmotor's documents, the statutes, our store and the arithmetic printed here. We sell the Grandtan Turbo, so the red flags say plainly which riders it does not suit.

Written by Milad Ghobadibeygvand, BScN (Western University, 2014). Corrections: support@redtailebikes.com.

Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo specification, row by row

The rows reproduce the Technical, Performance and Size & Fit tabs of Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo page as it was served on September 28, 2026, with the peak power and torque taken from the page's feature copy and the motor model from its question board. Forty-eight volts at 20 amp-hours makes the 960 Wh.

What the Turbo is: a Grandtan with the motor at the pedals

Addmotor lists it as the "Grandtan Turbo Mid-Drive eTrike", and on September 13, 2023 its staff called it "a mid-motor upgraded version of M-340". The step-through frame, the backrest seat, the wooden footrest and the three fat tires carry over; the motor moves from the back of the trike to the cranks, and from there it drives the rear axle through the chain.

Army Green, in Addmotor's studio image. The motor sits under the footrest, right where the pedals turn.

The product page's own FAQ gives the reason for the layout:

With an electric motor positioned near the pedals, the mid-drive trike provides a natural riding experience and delivers power efficiently. The central placement of the motor makes the trike more stable and balanced.

From the FAQ on Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo page, quoted as written.

Against its two Grandtan siblings, the Turbo trades a rear-mounted 750 W motor for a 1,000 W mid-drive. Addmotor's three pages line up like this:

Each column is that trike's own page, the Turbo, the M-340 and the X, read September 28, 2026; the prices are our store's that day. Our reviews work the Grandtan M-340 and the Grandtan X in full.

The $1,000 over the M-340 buys the mid-drive, 70 more newton-meters on paper and a motor that works through the gears. The pack and the top speed are the same numbers, the Turbo weighs 8 lb more, and it offers five assist levels to the M-340's seven.

One of Addmotor's photographs: the Turbo on the sand, with a black box on its rear rack.

A Bafang M620 at the cranks, driving through seven gears

Addmotor rates the motor at 1,000 W and names it a Bafang M620. Asked whether the Turbo uses one, its staff answered on January 22, 2024: "Yes, Grandtan Turbo Trikes use Bafang M620 motors." The page's feature copy adds "1500W peak power" and "160 Nm torque".

Two figures on older pages differ from today's. Addmotor's June 28, 2023 post gave the same motor "peak motor watts of 2000W", and its July 5, 2023 introduction listed "Pedal Assist 7-levels", where the current page and an October 17, 2025 answer give five.

The crank arm reads BAFANG, and the motor housing sits behind the chainring guard.

The motor uses the gears: on a mid-drive, the one you pick sets the motor's speed. A low gear spins the motor faster at a given road speed, which lets it climb with less of its power lost as heat, and a high gear turns it slowly for a cheap cruise on the flat.

Addmotor's September 1, 2026 post says the same in one line: riders can "downshift into lower gears for high-torque hill climbs or upshift for energy-efficient cruising on open roads". The gear tables put a figure on each choice.

The gears are Shimano's seven-speed. Addmotor's June 2023 page for the M-340T listed a "48T Chainring" on a "Prowheel Ounce" crankset and a "SHIMANO SIS Index 7-Speed, 14-32T" freewheel. The crank arm in today's photographs reads BAFANG, and the chain there wraps a ring that measures about 40 teeth, so the range model runs on 40 and shows 48 beside it (Limitations item 7).

You can pedal with help from the torque sensor at one of five assist levels, or ride on the "Variable Speed Control - 1/2 Twist Throttle" alone. To the board question "Is this a peddle assist trike?", Addmotor replied on October 17, 2025: "Yes, this is a pedal-assist trike. It features 5 levels of pedal assist."

Of all its trikes, Addmotor answered on March 19, 2026 that they "are equipped with both a throttle and pedals, and you can use them independently".

Addmotor's image of the Bafang display: speed, battery, trip distance and assist level on one screen.

The published top speed is 20 mph, in the Technical tab, in the highlights and in Addmotor's October 20, 2025 answer: "The top speed is 20 mph."

Does the Grandtan Turbo fit you? Saddle, step-over and reach

Addmotor prints a 32.5 to 39-inch seat range and a rider window of 5'2" to 6'4"; on that range the post brings the saddle to the fit formula's height for 93 to 100 of every 100 riders from 5'0" to 5'6", 78 at 5'8" and 35 at 5'10".

Addmotor's own photograph of the Turbo, measured, pictures a narrower range. Its size drawing is that photograph at a sixth of the resolution, with the saddle shown a second time, raised above the first; at the scale the printed 43-inch handlebar height sets, the photographed saddle stands 33.4 inches up and the raised one 37.4, against the table's 32.5 and 39.

On the pictured range the formula height lands inside the post for 94 of 100 riders at 5'2", 61 at 5'6" and 21 at 5'8". Both ranges are Addmotor's, so the tables below use the printed one, and every answer that turns on the saddle gives the pictured one beside it.

Each table sets the 6,068 bodies of the US Army's 2012 anthropometric survey on the Turbo's geometry, with the saddle at 109% of inseam.

Find your row in three steps:

1. Measure your inseam without shoes. Stand against a wall, press a hardcover book up between your legs the way a saddle would sit, and have a helper measure from the floor to the book's spine.
2. Look up your height in the saddle table and see whether your inseam falls in that row's range; on the printed range, the post runs out above a 33.4-inch inseam at 109%.
3. Finish the setting at home with the knee and heel checks in the setup answer.

These eight Size & Fit figures decide both the fit and the parking spot.

Addmotor's size drawing of the Turbo, its studio photograph with lines drawn over it. At the 43-inch handlebar scale the lower saddle, the drawn reach and the 170 mm crank agree with Addmotor's figures within 3.5 percent; the raised saddle, the deck, the wheelbase and the length do not (the controls table below).

Will the seat post reach my saddle height?

On Addmotor's printed range, yes for 93 or more of every 100 riders from 5'0" to 5'6" and for 78 of 100 at 5'8"; at 5'10" 35 of 100 get there at 109%, at 6'0" 8, and at 6'2" none.

The rule is Peveler's: the saddle top 109% of your inseam above the pedal axle with the pedal at its lowest (Peveler et al., 2005), and Ferrer-Roca and colleagues accept 106% as its low end.

The floor-to-saddle height the formula gives each height's median rider, and how many of 100 riders have their 109% and 106% heights inside Addmotor's printed 32.5 to 39 inches (survey bodies, men and women together). Riders the post cannot reach sit a median of about 0.8 inches low at 5'10", 1.7 at 6'0" and 2.7 at 6'2".

The printed range tops out for a 33.4-inch inseam at 109% and a 34.4-inch one at 106%. A longer leg leaves the saddle at its stop, with the knee bent more at the bottom of each stroke. On the 37.4-inch top the photograph pictures, the 109% limit falls to a 31.9-inch inseam, which is why the pictured range reaches only 21 of 100 riders at 5'8".

Can I stand over the frame at a stop?

Yes: at 17.5 inches the step-through leaves 9.6 inches or more of clearance for 95 of every 100 riders at 5'0", and more at every taller height. Addmotor's September 1, 2026 post describes "a low 17.5'' standover height" that "allows effortless mounting and dismounting".

Barefoot inseam less Addmotor's 17.5-inch standover; each cell is the clearance that 95 of 100 riders of that height meet or exceed.

Do the bars feel cramped or far away?

Neither: from the crank axle the grips sit 30.8 to 32.1 inches up and 10.5 to 14.2 inches forward, so the median rider at each height in the table leans 7 to 12 degrees from vertical. That is the comfortable end of the scale: twenty recreational cyclists comparing three trunk positions in Priego Quesada and colleagues' 2017 study rated the most upright one best.

The median rider's trunk angle from vertical, seated mid-saddle on the printed seat range; the last column runs from sitting forward to sitting back across the grip positions measured on Addmotor's photograph. On the pictured range the median lean runs 6 to 10 degrees.

How much weight goes through my hands?

No more than 10 to 14 percent of your body weight with your back relaxed, which the last column turns into pounds on each hand. Ten road racers on the brake hoods put 15% on the bars in Carahalios's 2015 laboratory study, so the Turbo's upright bars ask a little less of your wrists than a road bike does.

From segment weights (Clauser et al., 1969) with the back fully relaxed, so each figure is a ceiling; the body weights are the survey's median for each height, and the bracket spans the saddle and grip positions.

What's the fastest way to set the saddle?

Aim for a 25 to 35-degree bend in your knee with the pedal at its lowest point (Peveler et al., 2007). To check it without a protractor, rest your heel on the pedal at the bottom of the stroke: your leg should just come straight, the heel method Ferrer-Roca and colleagues set against the knee-angle measure.

Raise the saddle in small steps and tighten the seatpost clamp after each one. The backrest is mounted to the saddle in Addmotor's drawing, so it rises and falls with it.

The fit arithmetic, step by step

Every figure in this section comes from three rules. The saddle sits 1.09 × inseam above the pedal axle; the lean is the smallest trunk angle at which a straight arm reaches the grip; and the hand load is the upper body's weight scaled by that lean over the reach.

Take a 5'8" rider with the survey's median inseam, 32.6 inches. Peveler's formula puts the saddle top 35.6 inches from the pedal axle at the bottom of the stroke; less the 6.7-inch crank, that is 28.9 inches from the crank axle, which the post's angle and position place 38.2 inches above the floor, inside Addmotor's printed 32.5 to 39.

LeMond's rule lands where Peveler's measurements put it. 88.3% of the 32.6-inch inseam, from the crank axle, is 28.8 inches, and with the 170 mm crank added back the rule averages 109.0% of inseam from the pedal across the survey, inside the 109.2 ± 0.9% that Peveler and colleagues measured.

The model measures the crank height, the seatpost angle and the grip positions on Addmotor's 4,000-pixel studio photograph, the frame its size drawing shows at 750 pixels. The scale is the printed 43-inch handlebar height, checked against Addmotor's own figures:

The lower saddle, the drawn reach and the crank agree within 3.5 percent at the 43-inch handlebar scale. The raised upper saddle sits lower than the 39 inches it is labeled, and the deck, the wheelbase and the length all measure short of Addmotor's figures at this scale; the near rear wheel also stands closer to the camera than the frame, which skews the two lengths. The fit tables use Addmotor's printed saddle range and standover, never the photograph's.

One 960 Wh Samsung pack

The pack is 48 V and 20 Ah, 960 Wh, built on Samsung cells in Addmotor's Technical tab, where it reads "48V*20Ah Samsung UL-certified Battery"; the highlights at the top of the page add "UL Certification UL 2271".

The frame takes one pack. Asked about a dual-battery package, Addmotor answered on April 10, 2024 that the Turbo "can only fit one battery pack", with a spare available from its sales team "as a replacement". Longer days therefore come from riding choices, which the range tables price.

The pack comes off for charging. Addmotor's September 1, 2026 post describes "easy indoor charging via the removable battery pack" with the 48 V, 2.0 A magnetic charger. At 2 amps, 20 amp-hours is 10 hours from empty before charging losses, and a top-up from 20% to 80%, 12 amp-hours, is about 6.

Addmotor's pack advice applies here too: its battery-health post says to recharge "when it has a 10%-15% charge left", its maintenance guide to "keep your battery charge between 20% and 80% for the best lifespan", and its cold-weather post to charge "indoors at room temperature".

How far the Grandtan Turbo goes, empty and loaded

On level pavement a full pack carries a 180 lb rider about 59 miles at 12 mph and about 37 at 20, on the throttle alone, and 450 lb aboard about 41 miles at 12 mph. Easy pedaling at 12 mph lifts the 180 lb figure to 108 miles, and a steady 8% climb at 10 mph on the throttle brings it down to about 13.

Every figure is one steady ride computed from Addmotor's figures, Bafang's own M620 data, a measured efficiency map of a 48 V mid-drive, drum measurements of ten fat tires and field-measured drag, inside the cycling-power model Martin and colleagues validated in 1998. The formula section prints the arithmetic.

Work out your own ride in three steps:

1. Choose your speed, effort and gear in the speed tables and the gear tables, and use the weight table if you and your load come to more than 180 lb.
2. Count your climbs from the hills table: at 10 mph each 1,000 feet costs 143 to 145 Wh on the throttle.
3. Hold back 15%, the top of the "10%-15%" Addmotor says to recharge at, and adjust for cold and tires.

How many miles at each speed, and what does pedaling add?

Speed is the biggest lever: from 8 mph to 20 mph the level, throttle-only figure falls from 72 miles to 37. Going from 15 to 20 mph alone costs 27% of the range, because the power the air takes rises with the cube of speed.

A 180 lb rider on the throttle alone, level pavement, 77 °F air, in the cog that costs the pack least at each speed, with the chainring's turns a minute in brackets. The last column keeps back the 15% Addmotor says to recharge at.

Easy pedaling at 12 mph takes the figure from 59 miles to 108. Easy means 75 W from your legs and steady 150 W; with the motor off, those efforts alone would move this 118 lb trike and a 180 lb rider at about 8.5 and 12.6 mph on the flat.

A 180 lb rider on level pavement. "Legs alone" is a ride your 150 W holds with no help from the motor. "Past 90 rpm" marks 20 mph, where even the 14-tooth cog spins the cranks faster than 90 times a minute (from about 18.3 mph), so the motor carries that speed alone. The 108 and 123-mile cells lean on the model's least-checked part, its motor losses at light load (Limitations item 5).

Which gear costs the battery least?

Ride the throttle in the small cogs on the flat, and shift to the big ones to climb. The motor drives through the chain, so the cog sets the motor's speed, and at each ride the model finds the cheapest:

Watt-hours a mile for a 180 lb rider on the throttle alone, level pavement. At 20 mph the 32-tooth cog would turn the chainring faster than the motor can drive it, so six of the seven cogs appear.

On the flat the 14-tooth cog wins at every speed: at 8 mph the 32-tooth costs 25% more per mile, 58 miles to a charge against 72, and by 20 mph the gap has closed to 5%. Up a hill the order reverses:

8 mph with 180 lb aboard; each cell is watt-hours a mile and the miles a full pack would climb at that rate. Easy pedaling is 75 W from your legs.

Up 12% at 8 mph, the 32-tooth cog costs 106.9 Wh a mile against 157.9 in the 14-tooth: in the big cog the motor turns faster and pushes less hard, and its losses fall with the force. Pedaling adds a limit of its own, since your legs want the chainring at 90 rpm or less (Hansen et al., 2021), and at 10 mph that rules out the 32-tooth cog the throttle climbs best in.

What does each hill cost the battery?

At 10 mph on the throttle, each 1,000 feet of climbing on a 4 to 10% grade costs 143 to 145 Wh beyond the same distance on the flat. Raising you and the trike accounts for 112 Wh of that; the rest is the motor's and the chain's losses.

Our Grandtan X review computes 170 to 221 Wh for the same climb on its rear-mounted 750 W motor, whose speed is tied to the road's whatever gear you pick.

At 10 mph with 180 lb aboard, each ride in its cheapest cog; throttle only in every column but the last, which adds 75 W of easy pedaling. From 10% up, pedaling at 10 mph needs a gear your legs can turn at 90 rpm, which gives up the 32-tooth cog the throttle climbs in, so easy pedaling saves little there.

Even at 15%, a steady 10 mph stays within the M620's rated 1,000 W in the model, because the big cogs let the motor turn fast. On a long grade, shift into them early and let the motor spin.

How far does a full load go?

Loading the Turbo to the Technical tab's 450 lb costs about 30% of the level range. From 180 lb to 450 lb aboard, the 12 mph ride drops from 59 miles to 41 and the 15 mph ride from 50 to 36; with the highlights' 360 lb, the figures are 46 and 40.

The rider plus everything carried, with the trike's own 118 lb added to every row; throttle only. The 450 lb row is the Technical tab's "350+100 LBS" and the 360 lb row the highlights' "280+80 LBS". At 450 lb an 8% grade at 10 mph needs more than the motor's rated 1,000 W in the model, so slow down in a big cog or pedal with it.

How much range does winter take?

At freezing the 12 mph throttle ride comes to about 47 miles, and at 14 °F about 43. In McMaster University's measured cell data the cells give back about 89% of their 77 °F energy at 32 °F; cold tires roll 18% harder, and the air is 9% denser.

Level ground, 180 lb aboard. The central line rests on McMaster University's LG HG2 cell, recomputed at a 0.5C discharge from the lab's 77, 50, 32 and 14 °F runs, with the rows between interpolated and the cells at air temperature. For the Samsung cells in Addmotor's Technical tab, the bracket spans published cell data from Samsung's 25R sheet and Casado et al., 2025.

Bring the pack indoors to charge before a cold ride, as Addmotor's cold-weather post says, and plan a winter ride on the lower figure in each row.

Does tire choice or riding posture change the range?

Across ten fat tires, rolling resistance moves the 12 mph figure from 54 to 71 miles; riding posture moves it about a mile. For the Kenda fat tires Addmotor's terrain image names, the model takes the median of the ten 26 × 4.00 tires on Bicycle Rolling Resistance's drum and brackets it with the lowest and highest.

Miles on a full charge, 180 lb aboard, level ground, throttle only. The highest of the ten is Kenda's Juggernaut Pro, at 0.01262 on its own test page.

Riding posture barely registers at trike speeds: with the drag area of the everyday mountain-bike riders in Tengattini and Bigazzi's field study, in place of the upright cruiser riders the model uses, the 15 mph throttle ride goes from 50 miles to 51.

Addmotor's 85 and 90 miles, as steady rides

Addmotor's 85 and 90 miles describe pedaling rides: in the model, no speed on the throttle alone reaches either. The Technical tab reads "Up to 85 miles", the highlights "per Charge (PAS1) 90 Miles", and Addmotor's September 1, 2026 post sets the terms: "up to 85 miles on Pedal Assist Level 1 under optimal test conditions".

Spread over 90 miles, the 960 Wh pack allows 10.7 Wh a mile, which the model spends with easy pedaling at about 13.2 mph or steady pedaling at 16.6; over 85 miles, 11.3 Wh a mile matches 13.7 and 16.9 mph.

On the throttle alone the most the model gives is about 79 miles, at a walking pace of 4.2 mph, and anywhere from 3.2 to 5.4 mph comes within a mile of it.

Addmotor's July 5, 2023 introduction gave a range of "40 - 85 miles". Its 40-mile end is 24.0 Wh a mile, the throttle alone at about 18.6 mph.

For the pack's lifespan, Addmotor's maintenance guide keeps the charge between 20% and 80%, which leaves 60% of the pack, 576 Wh, for riding:

Miles inside the band, 180 lb aboard on level ground. At 8 mph your 75 W alone holds the speed, about 8.5 mph on the flat, and the motor draws nothing; at 20 mph the cranks are past 90 rpm in every cog.

The formula behind every range figure

A steady speed takes a steady flow of power at the rear wheels, and the model Martin and colleagues validated on an open road in 1998 writes it in one line, for constant speed in still air:

P_wheel = (m · g · (Crr · cos θ + sin θ) + ½ · ρ · CdA · v²) · v

The first bracketed term is the tires and the slope, and the second is the air, whose share grows with the cube of speed once multiplied by v. Between the wheels and the pack sit four stages:

1. The chain carries both your pedaling and the motor's output to the rear axle, at the 97.7% efficiency Martin and colleagues measured.
2. The gear sets the motor's speed: chainring rpm is the rear wheels' rpm times the cog's teeth, divided by the chainring's 40.
3. The motor is the M620 as Bafang's 2021 OEM workbook prints it at 48 V: 190 rpm unloaded, 180 at its rated 1,000 W, 160 N·m. Bafang gives the efficiency only as a floor, "≥ 80"; the model sets 85% at the rated point, where its efficiency map comes closest to Arango and colleagues' measured 48 V mid-drive, 5.2 points at worst against 14.2 at the floor.
4. The pack loses a little to its own resistance, on Arango and colleagues' measured curve, and gives up some energy in the cold.

One ride, worked through: 12 mph on level pavement, a 180 lb rider, throttle only. The rear wheels need 133.4 W, 74.9 W against the tires and 58.5 W against the air, and they turn 168 times a minute. In the cheapest gear, the 14-tooth cog, the chainring turns at 59 rpm, and through the chain the motor must deliver 136.6 W.

The motor model, 2.412 N·m of torque per amp, a 0.103 Ω winding and a 2.52 A no-load current, makes 22.2 N·m on 11.7 A at 73% efficiency and draws 188.2 W. After the pack's own losses the battery gives 194.1 W, 16.18 Wh a mile at 12 mph: 960 ÷ 16.18 is about 59.3 miles, or 50.4 with 15% held back.

The model reproduces two published benchmarks and one of Addmotor's own figures before it runs. It reproduces Martin and colleagues' worked example, 45.7 W for rolling and gravity and 158.8 W for the air, and the motor's rated point, 85% at 1,000 W. At that point it draws 1,176 W from the pack, 24.5 A at 48 V, inside the "Addmotor 25A Controller" the Performance tab lists.

At Bafang's 80% floor instead of 85%, the 12 mph throttle ride falls from 59 miles to 52. Bafang prints two sets of M620 speeds without pairing them to its two ratings; the 750 W pair gives 59 miles at 12 mph, the same as the 1,000 W pair.

No measured range ride on the Grandtan Turbo was found. Addmotor's 25-question board for the trike, its posts about the Turbo, the nine review pages that rank for it, five YouTube searches and 242 Reddit posts naming Addmotor were read on September 28 and 29, 2026, and none states a ride to empty with its rider's weight and speed.

Carrying: two baskets and three payload figures

Addmotor's product page prints the Turbo's load two ways. The Technical tab reads "350+100 LBS", 350 lb of rider and 100 lb of cargo, 450 lb in all, and the highlights at the top of the same page read "Payload Capacity 280+80 LBS", 360 lb in all.

Asked "Is rider weight capacity 350lb or 450lbs?", Addmotor answered on August 24, 2023: "Hi, the rider weight capacity is 350lbs." Its posts print 350 + 100 lb (July 5, 2023; January 23, 2025) or 450 lb (October 28, 2024; September 1, 2026).

Until the highlights agree with the Technical tab, plan on the lower pair: 280 lb of rider and 80 lb of cargo. The weight table carries both loads, and at 12 mph on the throttle they are 46 miles and 41.

The baskets are sized in Addmotor's Size & Fit table: the front basket 13.5 by 10 by 5 inches and the rear rack 20.5 by 16 by 9.5 inches. The product FAQ says the Turbo "comes with a battery, front basket and the rear basket", and its box list adds a charger; ask us before you order and we will confirm in writing what ships with an order placed here.

Army Green in one of Addmotor's photographs, with the rear basket fitted.

Brakes, a parking brake, the differential and the lights

Each of the three wheels has its own disc. The Performance tab lists "Tektro Mechanical Disc Brakes On Each Wheel", and the page's brake tile adds that they "deliver precise and responsive braking performance".

Addmotor's image of the three calipers and rotors, with the lever and the Shimano shifter at the grip.

Set the parking brake before you load the trike or step off on a slope. A trike stands on three wheels with no stand to catch it, so on a grade it rolls until something holds it; the Turbo's parking brake is that something.

The rear wheels share a differential, so the outer wheel can turn faster than the inner one through a corner. Addmotor confirmed on October 17, 2025: "Yes, the Grandtan Turbo model is equipped with a rear differential."

The image Addmotor titles "Parking Brake & Differential", with the differential housing and drive cogs at right.

Take your first turns slowly in an open lot: Addmotor's new-rider post recommends starting where there are "no obstacles or tight turns".

The front wheel rides on an "Oil Spring Fork with 80mm of Travel", and the page's fork tile says the "Front shocks on GRANDTAN TURBO enhance ride comfort and stability by absorbing bumps and uneven terrain." For a shock at the back as well, the Grandtan X adds one.

Addmotor's close-up of the ADDSHOX fork.

The lights are Spanninga's: a "TRENDO" headlight and a "SOLO" taillight with a brake light. Addmotor's answer of March 17, 2026 sets out the signals: "It has a brake light but no turn signals." Turn signals can be added, Addmotor said on October 21, 2025, though it does not carry them; the Grandtan X has them built into its light set.

The headlight on the front basket and the red taillight, in Addmotor's image.

For warning others, Addmotor's two answers from August 2023 differ: on August 9 "Yes, Grandtan Turbo Trike is equipped with an electric horn", and on August 24 "the Grandtan Turbo is not equipped with our EB 2.0 electric horn. But it comes with a bell." Ask us before you order and we will confirm which your trike carries.

118 pounds: parking, doors and transport

At 118 lb the Turbo is a trike you roll, not one you carry. It is 77.8 inches long and 33.5 inches wide in Addmotor's Size & Fit table, so a door needs 33.5 inches of clear width and a parking spot about 6.5 feet of length, with room beyond the 51-inch wheelbase to swing the front wheel.

For a car trip, a hitch rack has to carry 118 lb and a three-wheeler's width; lift the pack out first, since Addmotor describes it as removable.

Assembly is the last 15%: the product FAQ says the Turbo "comes 85% pre-assembled" and points to Addmotor's assembly video for the final step.

It seats one rider: to a question about carrying a second person, Addmotor answered on June 25, 2023 that the "Grandtan M-340T can only be ridden by one person". The keys come as a set of two (December 2, 2025), and a lock is yours to add: "the etrike does not come equipped with a lock" (October 21, 2025).

Book a check-up after the first 100 miles. Addmotor's July 11, 2023 answer recommends the trike be "checked by a qualified bike mechanic, after 100 miles of riding".

The Mercer fit test

Every bike we review is set against the same seven people, the Mercers and the Kowalskis, so each one answers the same family's questions (meet the Mercers). Each verdict reads a figure Addmotor publishes (the rider window, the seat range, the standover, the seating) or the fit tables built from them.

In this family the Turbo suits Ruth, Maya and Dana at the formula saddle, and on Addmotor's printed range Frank is borderline; Jack and Cole need the seat range confirmed in writing, and Cole his state's answer as well.

Has it been recalled?

No. On September 28, 2026 the Consumer Product Safety Commission's recall data held no recall naming Addmotor or a Grandtan. The search ran the title, product-name and manufacturer fields for Addmotor, ADDMOTOR, Add Motor, Addmotor Tech, Motan and Addrider and 19 Addmotor model families, and read every field of a 623-record corpus of bicycle, e-bike, battery and scooter recalls for the brand and its model codes, the Turbo's M-340T among them.

A search only counts as empty once it has shown it can find something, so the same queries were run on known recalls first: Ancheer returned 1, Specialized 54 and Trek 24.

Is the Grandtan Turbo an e-bike where you ride?

Check this before you order. Addmotor's page rates the motor at 1,000 W and publishes a throttle and a 20 mph top speed, and the wattage decides most of the answer.

The federal definition in 15 U.S.C. § 2085(b) covers "a two- or three-wheeled vehicle with fully operable pedals and an electric motor of less than 750 watts (1 h.p.)", whose motor alone reaches "less than 20 mph" on a paved level surface with a 170-pound rider.

15 U.S.C. § 2085(b) and Addmotor's Grandtan Turbo page, both read September 28, 2026.

At 1,000 W the Turbo is over the federal line, and over the line most states draw. We screened all 51 jurisdictions against each definition's watt wording, throttle rule, top speed and wheel count, as read into our state law atlas: Addmotor's figures for the Turbo fall inside the e-bike definition in two and outside it in 47, and Alaska and Kentucky publish no e-bike definition.

Each state's definition as read into our state law atlas, screened September 28, 2026. In 44 the definition's motor limit is 750 watts, and a 1,000 W motor is over it whatever word the statute sets at the line, from "less than" to "or fewer"; New Jersey's definition turns on its throttle rule, and Montana and Rhode Island write theirs for two wheels.

The two that take the Turbo in set no watt figure. D.C. Code § 50-2201.02(11A) defines a "motorized bicycle" as "a 2 or 3 wheeled vehicle" with "Fully operative pedals for human propulsion" and "A motor incapable of propelling the device at a speed of more than 20 miles per hour on level ground".

ORS 801.258, as amended in 2024, defines an "electric assisted bicycle" as "a bicycle that is equipped with an electric motor and that is a Class 1 electric assisted bicycle, a Class 2 electric assisted bicycle or a Class 3 electric assisted bicycle", and its Class 2 is a machine that "Ceases to provide assistance once the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour".

Outside a state's e-bike definition the Turbo is still a vehicle there, a moped, a motorized bicycle or another class depending on that state's code, and the rules for that class decide licensing, registration and where you may ride. Our 50-state law atlas carries each state's answer, and our California e-bike law page sets out California's in full.

Our two 750 W Grandtans fall inside the e-bike definition in 26 jurisdictions on the same screen. If you must ride as an e-bike, the Grandtan M-340 and the Grandtan X keep the frame, the seat and the 960 Wh pack.

Trails and public land: who decides

On a trail the land manager's rule decides, and on federal land the Turbo's 1,000 W puts it on the motor side of the line. 43 CFR 8340.0-5(j), the Bureau of Land Management's e-bike definition, covers "a two- or three-wheeled cycle with fully operable pedals and an electric motor of not more than 750 watts (1 h.p.)".

The same section's paragraph (a) defines an off-road vehicle as "any motorized vehicle capable of, or designed for, travel on or immediately over land, water, or other natural terrain", and exempts e-bikes only as paragraph (j) defines them. On BLM land, then, the Turbo is an off-road vehicle, and 43 CFR 8341.1(a) reads: "The operation of off-road vehicles is permitted on those areas and trails designated as open to off-road vehicle use."

On National Forests, the Forest Service directives of March 31, 2022 already treat every e-bike as a motor vehicle, "managing all classes of e-bikes as motor vehicles" in the words of the notice at 87 FR 41278; where a ranger district publishes a motor vehicle use map, 36 CFR 261.13 bars riding "other than in accordance with those designations".

Each row is decided by the land manager's own document; the trike's specification settles none of them.

On BLM land a violation can bring "a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not longer than 12 months, or both", under 43 CFR 8340.0-7. Our public-land e-bike guide walks through each agency.

Green flags / Red flags

Green flags

• A mid-drive that climbs through the gears: Bafang's M620, 160 N·m in Addmotor's figures, turning the chain through seven Shimano gears.
• Cheaper climbing: 143 to 145 Wh per 1,000 feet at 10 mph on the throttle, in the big cogs.
• Pedal, assist or throttle: a torque sensor, five assist levels and a half-twist throttle.
• A 960 Wh Samsung pack, "UL 2271" in Addmotor's highlights and removable for charging: about 59 miles at 12 mph on the throttle for a 180 lb rider on level ground.
• A differential, a disc on each wheel and a parking brake, with Spanninga lights and a brake light.
• An easy step-through: 17.5 inches, leaving 9.6 inches or more of clearance for 95 of 100 riders at 5'0".
• An upright cockpit: the median rider leans 7 to 12 degrees.
• Three colorways at one price, all orderable on our store on September 28, 2026.

Red flags

Every flag here is a fit call: it names a rider the Turbo does not suit and the better route for that rider.

• Wrong if you must ride as an e-bike outside DC and Oregon. The class table lists the 47 jurisdictions whose definitions leave a 1,000 W trike out; the 750 W Grandtan M-340, $2,399, and Grandtan X, $2,899, fall inside 26.
• Wrong for BLM trails open only to e-bikes. At 1,000 W the Turbo counts as an off-road vehicle there; send us the trail and we will name a 750 W trike its rule admits.
• Wrong if your inseam is over 33.4 inches and Addmotor's printed seat range holds. Read both answers in the saddle table, then email us your inseam and we will get the Turbo's range in writing.
• Wrong if you want turn signals built in. Addmotor says the Turbo has none but can take them; the Grandtan X has them in its light set.
• Wrong for stairs or a door narrower than 33.5 inches. At 118 lb it stays at ground level; the Citytri E-310, $1,699 on our store, folds for storage.
• Wrong for two riders. The Turbo seats one; the M-380 tandem is Addmotor's trike for two.
• Wrong if your roads are flat and $1,000 matters more than the gears. The Grandtan M-340 keeps the frame, the fork, the 960 Wh pack and the 20 mph for $2,399.

Buy it if / Buy something else if

Buy it if you ride hills, haul loads or both, and you want three fat tires, a backrest seat and a mid-drive that climbs through seven gears: computed at 59 miles at 12 mph on the throttle for a 180 lb rider on the level, 41 with 450 lb aboard, and 143 to 145 Wh per 1,000 feet of climbing.

You will need a state that takes in a 1,000 W trike, or a clear answer on what class it becomes where you ride; a place inside Addmotor's 5'2" to 6'4" window, with the seat range confirmed if your inseam is long; a door of 33.5 inches or more; and an indoor outlet for the pack.

The $3,399 buys Bafang's 1,000 W M620 with 160 N·m, a torque sensor and a 960 Wh Samsung pack, seven gears, a differential, a disc on every wheel, a parking brake and Spanninga lights. Over 12 months with Shop Pay at 15% APR it is $306.79 a month, $3,681.48 in all.

Buy something else if you need to ride as an e-bike in a 750 W state: the Grandtan M-340 at $2,399 or the Grandtan X at $2,899. A trike that must fold points to the Citytri E-310, $1,699; a tighter budget to Eunorau's ONE-TRIKE 2.0, $1,799; and two riders to the M-380 tandem, from $4,099.

Our Addmotor brand profile sets every Addmotor on our shelf side by side, and our e-bike reviews hub gathers the reviews of other makers' machines.

Before you buy: the checklist

Ten checks before you spend $3,399; the first two decide whether the Turbo can go where you plan to ride.

1. Look up your state in the class table and read its page in our law atlas.
2. Check the rule for each trail and park you plan to ride, since the land manager, not the trike, sets it.
3. Measure your inseam against the saddle table, and above 33.4 inches read both seat ranges there.
4. Measure the door and the parking spot for 33.5 inches of width and 77.8 inches of length.
5. Add up yourself and your load, and keep it inside 280 lb of rider and 80 lb of cargo until Addmotor's figures agree.
6. Plan the transport: a hitch rack rated for 118 lb and a three-wheeler's width, with the pack carried separately.
7. Match your ride to a row in the range tables, add the climbs, choose the gear, and keep 15% of the pack back.
8. Pick an indoor charging spot, with about 10 hours free for a charge from empty.
9. Buy a lock, since none comes with the trike.
10. Book a check-up after 100 miles, as Addmotor recommends, and practice turns in an open, quiet lot before the first ride out.

Buying it from us

Why buy the Grandtan Turbo from Redtail

Our listing priced the Grandtan Turbo at $3,399 in all three colorways on September 28, 2026, with $3,999 shown as the regular price, the same two figures Addmotor's own page showed that day. The difference is who stands behind the order.

Every colorway has its own button. Addmotor listed all three in stock on September 28, 2026, and our store had all three orderable at the same price.

Each link adds that colorway to your cart at $3,399, as our store listed it on September 28, 2026. Starry Blue is the dark finish with black tires, saddle and grips.

Starry Blue, in Addmotor's studio image.

Our refund policy also covers a change of mind: within 72 hours of delivery, a trike still in its sealed factory packaging can come back, less a 15% restocking fee and the return shipping, and a canceled order carries a 3% transaction fee. Settle the fit, the load, the route and your state's rule with us first, and neither is likely to come up.

Frequently asked questions

How far can the Grandtan Turbo go on one charge?

Addmotor's page gives up to 85 miles, and 90 on the lowest assist level. On level pavement with the throttle alone, your full pack computes to about 59 miles at 12 mph for a 180 lb rider, 37 at 20 mph, and about 41 at 12 mph with 450 lb aboard; easy pedaling at 12 mph takes the 180 lb figure to 108 (the range tables).

What motor does the Grandtan Turbo use?

A Bafang M620 mid-drive, rated at 1,000 W: Addmotor answered on January 22, 2024 "Yes, Grandtan Turbo Trikes use Bafang M620 motors", and its page gives 1,500 W peak and 160 N·m. The motor drives through seven Shimano gears, so you choose the gear that suits the road (the motor section).

What's the difference between the Grandtan Turbo and the Grandtan M-340?

The motor. Addmotor calls the Turbo "a mid-motor upgraded version of M-340": a 1,000 W, 160 N·m mid-drive against the M-340's 750 W rear-mounted motor, 118 lb against 110, five assist levels against seven, and the same 960 Wh pack and 20 mph. On our store you pay $3,399 for the Turbo and $2,399 for the M-340 (the comparison table).

Can I ride the Grandtan Turbo without pedaling?

Yes. Addmotor's trikes have "both a throttle and pedals, and you can use them independently", it answered on March 19, 2026, so the half-twist throttle moves the Turbo without pedaling, and five assist levels help when you do pedal. On the throttle alone your pack computes to about 59 miles at 12 mph on level pavement for a 180 lb rider (the speed table).

How fast does the Grandtan Turbo go?

20 mph, Addmotor's published top speed in its Technical tab and in its October 20, 2025 answer: "The top speed is 20 mph." How a 1,000 W trike that fast is classed where you live is set out in the class section.

Is the Grandtan Turbo street legal, and what class is it?

It depends on your state's words. On Addmotor's figures the Turbo falls inside the e-bike definition in the District of Columbia and Oregon, which set no watt figure, and outside it in 47 jurisdictions, where it belongs to whatever class the state's code assigns (the class table). Send us your state and we will reply with its rule.

What height rider does the Grandtan Turbo fit?

Addmotor's window is 5'2" to 6'4". On its printed 32.5 to 39-inch seat range, 93 or more of every 100 riders from 5'0" to 5'6" reach the formula's saddle height, 78 at 5'8" and 35 at 5'10", and above a 33.4-inch inseam the saddle sits at the top of the post. On the narrower range its photograph pictures, 21 of 100 do at 5'8" (fit).

How much weight can the Grandtan Turbo carry?

Addmotor's page prints two figures: "350+100 LBS" in the Technical tab, 450 lb in all, and "280+80 LBS" in the highlights, 360 lb. Plan on the lower until they agree; with 450 lb aboard the model still gives about 41 miles at 12 mph on the throttle over level pavement (carrying).

How much does the Grandtan Turbo weigh?

118 lb in Addmotor's Technical tab, 8 lb more than the Grandtan M-340. Roll it into place, and take the pack out before you lift it onto a rack (parking and transport).

Can the Grandtan Turbo take a second battery?

No: the frame "can only fit one battery pack", Addmotor answered on April 10, 2024, though a spare can be bought as a replacement. One 960 Wh pack gives about 59 miles at 12 mph on the throttle for a 180 lb rider (the battery section).

Does the Grandtan Turbo have a differential and a parking brake?

Yes to both: the Performance tab lists each, and Addmotor's October 17, 2025 answer confirms the rear differential. Set the parking brake before you load the trike or step off on a slope (brakes).

Does the Grandtan Turbo have turn signals or a horn?

It has a brake light and no turn signals, in Addmotor's March 17, 2026 answer, and signals can be added. Addmotor's answers on a horn differ, one saying it has an electric horn and a later one a bell, so ask us to confirm; the Grandtan X has signals built in (lights).

Can two people ride the Grandtan Turbo?

No. Addmotor answered on June 25, 2023 that it "can only be ridden by one person". For two riders, the M-380 tandem is Addmotor's trike built for two (weight and storage).

Which gear should I use on the Grandtan Turbo?

On the flat, the small cogs: at 8 mph on the throttle the 32-tooth cog costs 25% more per mile than the 14-tooth. On a climb, the big cogs: up 12% at 8 mph the 32-tooth costs 106.9 Wh a mile against 157.9 in the 14-tooth (the gear tables).

How much assembly does the Grandtan Turbo need?

Little: the product FAQ says it "comes 85% pre-assembled" and points to Addmotor's video for the final step. Budget a lock, since none is included, and a mechanic's check after the first 100 miles (weight and storage).

What warranty does the Grandtan Turbo have?

A fault after delivery is ours to handle: email us photos and your order number, and we take the claim to Addmotor and see it through "at no cost to the customer", as our listing commits. If you want Addmotor's own terms for your order in writing, ask us before you buy.

Can I finance the Grandtan Turbo?

Yes, through Shop Pay at checkout. On September 28, 2026 our listing showed 12 payments of $306.79 at 15% APR, $3,681.48 in all, or 3 payments of $1,161.44; the rate you are offered, 0 to 36% APR, depends on eligibility.

Limitations of this review

Twenty-five points this review cannot settle, listed so you can weigh them.

1. We sell the Grandtan Turbo and every trike its red flags route to. A red flag that sends you to another of ours still earns us the sale, so check each against the numbers it cites.
2. This review is specification-verified. Its figures come from Addmotor's published documents, statutes, our own store record, the published research the range and fit sections cite, or arithmetic on this page.
3. Each range figure is one steady ride: one speed, one grade, no wind and no stops. Stops, starts, headwinds and soft ground cost more.
4. Bafang's M620 figures stand in for the Turbo's own. Addmotor names the motor but not its speeds or efficiency; at Bafang's 80% floor instead of the calibrated 85%, the 12 mph throttle ride falls from 59 miles to 52.
5. At light motor load the model has no measured check. Where your legs do most of the work, as in the steady-pedaling column at 15 mph, the answer rests on motor losses we could not check against a published map.
6. The model always picks the cheapest gear. On the flat that is often the smallest cog at a low chainring speed; a rider who pedals faster in a lower gear spends a little more, which the gear table prices cog by cog.
7. The chainring is measured, not published. Addmotor's current page names no gearing; its June 2023 page listed a 48-tooth ring on a Prowheel crankset, and the chain in its current photograph wraps a ring of about 40 teeth (40.1 to 40.8 at the handlebar and crank scales, 44.4 at the length scale). With the 48 the level figures move by less than a mile and the 12% climb from 9.0 miles to 8.6.
8. The cog sizes are part published, part inferred. Addmotor's 2023 page gives "14-32T"; the cogs between come from Shimano's 7-speed freewheel, which Shimano sells as 14-28 and 14-34, and with either end the climbing rows move by under a mile.
9. The pedaling limit is set at 90 rpm, the "relatively high" cadence in Hansen and colleagues' study; a rider who spins faster could pedal a little above 18.3 mph.
10. The model treats the rear wheels as the 20 × 4.0 tire's nominal 24-inch diameter; Addmotor prints no outer diameter.
11. No measured range day on the Grandtan Turbo was found. The routes read are listed at the end of the formula section.
12. Every figure assumes all 960 Wh are usable. The documents read here do not say how much of the pack the battery management releases; on one measured pedelec, researchers at KIT found 75% in use during a standard range test.
13. The tire coefficient is the median of ten 26 × 4.00 fat tires at 12 psi, a different size from the Turbo's Kendas, and the tire table brackets it.
14. The cold figures rest on one cell's laboratory data, McMaster University's LG HG2; Addmotor names Samsung as the cell maker without a model, and the bracket spans the published data read.
15. The charge time is arithmetic: 20 amp-hours at the charger's 2 amps is 10 hours before charging losses, and Addmotor's Turbo page prints no charge time.
16. Addmotor prints more than one payload. Its product page gives "350+100 LBS" in the Technical tab and "280+80 LBS" in its highlights, and its posts have given 350 + 100 lb and 450 lb; the weight table prints both of the page's loads, and the page advises the lower until they agree.
17. Addmotor's figures for the motor and assist have changed over time: 2,000 W peak and seven assist levels in its 2023 posts, 1,500 W peak and five levels on the page today. The page's figures are used, and the review makes no claim about which build a given trike carries.
18. Addmotor's display figures differ between two images: its key-selling-points graphic labels the display "EB 2.0 LCD Display", while the Performance tab reads "Bafang LCD Display" and the display image shows a Bafang unit. The review follows the Performance tab.
19. Addmotor's photograph and its printed figures do not share one scale. At the 43-inch handlebar scale the lower saddle, the drawn reach and the crank agree within 3.5%, while the raised saddle, the deck, the wheelbase and the length do not; the fit section gives the printed and the pictured seat ranges, and we will ask Addmotor for the Turbo's range in writing on request.
20. The fit figures use the US Army's ANSUR II bodies: 6,068 soldiers aged 17 to 58, measured in 2010 to 2012, who are not the US public, so your own inseam decides your row.
21. The crank height, seatpost angle and grip positions are measured on Addmotor's photograph. Addmotor prints a 13-inch reach and a 43-inch handlebar height, but not these three; measured, the crank axle stands 10.9 inches up, the post leans at 71.4 degrees, and the grips sit 10.5 to 14.2 inches ahead of the crank axle and 30.8 to 32.1 inches above it.
22. The lean is the most upright posture a straight arm allows. The model takes the smallest trunk angle at which a straight arm reaches the grips, so a rider who keeps the elbows bent leans a little further forward than the table shows.
23. The hand figure is a ceiling with a relaxed back. On a real ride your back and arms carry part of the load, and we found no study that measures hand load on a trike set up like this one.
24. The class table reads each state's definition as our law atlas records it, screened September 28, 2026; a state can change its words, and three-wheeler wording outside the definition section was not read for every state.
25. Colorways, prices and stock were read on September 28, 2026, and each can change, as can the Shop Pay terms and Addmotor's New York City delivery restriction.

The bottom line

At $3,399, the Grandtan Turbo puts Bafang's 1,000 W M620 mid-drive, 160 N·m and a 960 Wh Samsung pack under a step-through fat-tire trike with a backrest seat, a wooden footrest, seven gears, a differential, a disc on every wheel and a parking brake.

For a 180 lb rider on level pavement, the model gives about 59 miles at 12 mph on the throttle and 108 with easy pedaling; with 450 lb aboard, still about 41. Each 1,000 feet of climbing at 10 mph costs 143 to 145 Wh on the throttle, because the motor climbs in the big cogs.

The right owner lives among hills or hauls heavy loads, wants three wheels under them and a throttle to fall back on, fits Addmotor's 5'2" to 6'4" window, and rides where a 1,000 W trike is welcome or where its class is known. Over 12 months on Shop Pay it is $306.79 a month at 15% APR.

Settle two things before you order: your state's rule for a 1,000 W trike, and the seat range for your inseam, which the saddle table sets out on both of Addmotor's ranges. Send us your state and your hills, and our reply will cover the law and the miles.

Army Green on a forest road, in Addmotor's photograph.

Source register

What each document behind this review supports.

T1 is the record itself, read from whoever issued it: a statute, a federal regulation or notice, the maker's own product page, drawing, photographs, question board and posts, and our own store record.

T2 is a party's own publication about its product or its measurements: the motor, drivetrain and cell makers' documents and research groups' and laboratories' published measurements.

Expiry conditions

Re-read this page if Addmotor changes the Grandtan Turbo's price, specification, motor, gearing, battery, range figures, top speed, weight, payload figures, size drawing, photographs, FAQ or question-board answers, or its New York City delivery restriction; or if the colorways, the prices, the stock or the Shop Pay terms change on our store.

Re-read it too if a state changes its e-bike definition, if the District of Columbia or Oregon adds a watt limit, or if a recall is published naming Addmotor, a Grandtan or the M-340T. Verified September 28, 2026.

References

The full bibliographic record for each document cited above, with the date it was retrieved.

1. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo Mid-Drive eTrike — product page (Size & Fit, Technical, Performance and Delivery tabs, highlights strip, feature sections, product FAQ, colorway options and prices, as served for the United States). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/products/grandtan-turbo
2. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo size drawing (m-340t-size), on the product page. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/u_file/2603/photo/m-340t-size_1773994601.png
3. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo studio photograph, Neptune Blue (the product page's first gallery image, 4,000 × 4,000 px). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/u_file/2601/products/30/1f9f865333.jpg
4. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo terrain image (340t-1200x626), on the product page; its text transcribed at full size. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/u_file/2601/photo/340t-1200x626_1769739161.png
5. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo question board, Addmotor's dated answers cited here: q2671 (March 17, 2026), q2603 (December 2, 2025), q1734 and q1599 (October 21, 2025), q1716 (October 20, 2025), q2369 and q2360 (October 17, 2025), q1979 (April 10, 2024), q1892 (January 22, 2024), q1720 (September 13, 2023), q1698 and q1699 (August 24, 2023), q1660 (August 9, 2023), q1617 (July 11, 2023) and q1580 (June 25, 2023). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/question_p335/
6. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan X eTrike question board, q2699 (March 19, 2026), on throttle and pedals across Addmotor's e-trikes. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/question_q2699/
7. Addmotor Tech, Why Mid Drive Fat Tire Electric Trike Is Better for Steep Hills (blog, September 1, 2026). Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/mid-drive-fat-tire-electric-trike-steep-hill-performance
8. Addmotor Tech, Meet Grandtan Turbo Mid Drive E Trike (blog, July 5, 2023). Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/meet-grandtan-turbo-mid-drive-e-trike
9. Addmotor Tech, Mid-Drive vs Front-Mounted Motors: Which is Better for Your Etrike? (blog, June 28, 2023). Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/mid-drive-vs-front-mounted-motors-which-is-better-for-your-etrike
10. Addmotor Tech, Why Choose Addmotor Fat Tire Electric Tricycle for Your Next Adventure (blog, October 28, 2024), its Grandtan Turbo entry. Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/why-choose-addmotor-fat-tire-electric-tricycle-for-your-next-adventure
11. Addmotor Tech, Top 12 Electric Trikes of 2025 (blog, January 23, 2025), its Grandtan Turbo entry. Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/best-electric-trikes-for-various-needs-of-every-rider
12. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan M-340T product page, Internet Archive capture of June 22, 2023 (crankset, chainring, crank length and freewheel rows). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20230622130422/https://www.addmotor.com/products/grandtan-m-340t
13. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan M-340 eTrike — product page and Grandtan X Full-Suspension eTrike — product page, for the comparison table. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/products/grandtan · https://www.addmotor.com/products/grandtan-x
14. Addmotor Tech, 7 Tips for Electric Bike Battery Health (blog). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/7-tips-for-electric-bike-battery-health
15. Addmotor Tech, A Complete Guide to eBike Battery Maintenance (blog). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/a-complete-guide-to-ebike-battery-maintenance
16. Addmotor Tech, 4 Tips For Riding Electric Tricycle in Cold Weather (blog). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/4-tips-for-riding-electric-tricycle-in-cold-weather
17. Addmotor Tech, Tips for New Addmotor Electric Tricycle Riders (blog). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.addmotor.com/blog/tips-for-new-addmotor-electric-tricycle-riders
18. Addmotor Tech, Grandtan Turbo assembly video (YouTube), linked from the product FAQ. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2MVRfeQo-A
19. US Government Publishing Office, 15 U.S.C. § 2085 — Low-speed electric bicycles, subsection (b). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2024-title15/html/USCODE-2024-title15-chap47-sec2085.htm
20. Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Code § 50-2201.02, paragraph (11A). Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/50-2201.02
21. Oregon State Legislature, ORS 801.258 (as amended by 2024 c.12 § 1). Retrieved September 24, 2026. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors801.html
22. Bureau of Land Management, 43 CFR § 8340.0-5 — Definitions, paragraphs (a) and (j) (85 FR 69223, Nov. 2, 2020). Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-H/part-8340/subpart-8340/section-8340.0-5
23. Bureau of Land Management, 43 CFR § 8341.1 — Regulations governing use, paragraph (a). Retrieved September 22, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-H/part-8340/subpart-8341/section-8341.1
24. Bureau of Land Management, 43 CFR § 8340.0-7 — Penalties. Retrieved September 22, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-B/chapter-II/subchapter-H/part-8340/subpart-8340/section-8340.0-7
25. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, 36 CFR § 261.13 — Motor vehicle use. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-36/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-261/subpart-A/section-261.13
26. US Forest Service, Directive Publication Notice, 87 FR 41278 (July 12, 2022), recording the final e-bike directives issued March 31, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/07/12/2022-14777/directive-publication-notice
27. US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Recall data, title, product-name and manufacturer queries for Addmotor, ADDMOTOR, Add Motor, Addmotor Tech, Motan, Addrider and 19 Addmotor model families, a full-field read of a 623-record corpus for the brand and its model codes including M-340T, and controls Ancheer / Specialized / Trek. Retrieved September 28, 2026. https://www.saferproducts.gov/
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